Babe Ruth in the US Census - Baseball Legend George Herman Ruth

Boom Period in the 1920 America - 852 Words

Boom Period in the 1920 America By the end of the First World War America was regarded as the most powerful and richest country in the world. In the 1920 ´s the United States economy was booming with success and increasing prosperity, in which a great deal of Americans, though certainly not all, shared. This period was also known as the roaring twenties ´. With a plentiful supply of raw materials (e.g. oil and coal) and the policy of isolation and containment in place, America soon became even more powerful and wealthier. America had great regional diversity, with each region contributing something different to the economy. In the South there was vast areas of farmland, cattle ranches and†¦show more content†¦Cheap labour from an influx in immigrants helped the idea of mass production and the increase in factories and new industry. It was not only the car industry that expanded during the 1920s. With the help of the motor car industry, other industries started to grow, including the steel, rubber, glass, leather and oil industry. The construction industry grew due to the increase in traffic on the roads. Other consumer goods used the idea of mass production, causing a boom in the economy; radio sets, telephones, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines and ovens were all being rapidly manufactured to serve the needs of the public. These new goods were attractive to the Americans, resulting in sales rocketing. The ability to buy these goods, was greatly helped by the introduction of credit facilities - hire purchase. This allowed people who could not afford the whole cost of the product to obtain it by paying for it in instalments over a certain period of time. Mail order also increased the market for goods into the more remote areas of America. Also, throughout the 1920s there was a great feeling of consumer confidence among the American people. Consumer spending was rocketing, and the stock-market was booming as share prices increased. Advertisements on the radio, in magazines,Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Roaring Twenties of the United States1474 Words   |  6 Pages By the end of the First World War America was regarded as the most powerful and richest country in the world. In the 1920 ´s the United States economy was booming. This is a period of prosperity, when the country ´s economy is doing well and the people are sharing in it. This period was known as the roaring twenties ´. In this period many jobs were made more secure, many families had more to eat, electricity was widespreadRead MoreUsing the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthe USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s American economic boom. Firstly, the biggest reason as to why mass production was the main reason for the economic boom was that the AmericanRead MoreEssay on Economic Expansions in 1920s1452 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 1920s, there was a rise in economy of the United States. The people of the United States and its territories enjoyed a prosperous life, as the economy grew 7 percent per year between 1922 and 1927. In this period, also referred as â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, there was high economic growth with increase in the living standards of Americans. According to the textbook, â€Å"Nation of Nations†, the reasons for the economic expansions in the nineteenth century were due to the boom in the industrial sectorRead MoreEssay on The Cause of the Economic Boom in the 1920s778 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cause of the Economic Boom in the 1920s By the end of the First World War America was regarded as the most powerful and richest country in the world. In the 1920 ´s the United States economy was booming. This was a period of prosperity, when the countrys economy was doing well and some of the people were sharing in it. A long-term cause of the American boom in the 1920 ´s was Americas natural advantage and regional diversity. The South was mainly used for farmingRead More Causes of the Great Depression Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Throughout the 1920’s, new industries and new methods of production led to prosperity in America. America was able to use its great supply of raw materials to produce steel, chemicals, glass, and machinery that became the foundation of an enormous boom in consumer goods (Samuelson, 2). Many US citizens invested on the stock market, speculating to make a quick profit. This great prosperity ended in October 1929. People began to fear that the boom was going to end, the stock marketRead MoreAmerica in the 1920s729 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica in the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20s or New Era, was a time of great changes and huge growth. America was being a more modern nation, and a return to normalcy was being seen after the Progressive Movement and First World War. 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Customers, banks and investors took money out of their pink piggy banks and embarked on investing in the New York Exchange Stock Exchange, nicknamed â€Å"Big Board†Read MoreThe Essence Of The 1920 S1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Essence of the 1920’s in The Great Gatsby â€Å"The Roaring Twenties was the period of great American prosperity which was built on shaky foundations.† For decades, the 1920’s have been interpreted as a period of economic prosperity and social change in which the novel The Great Gatsby was born. In the early 1920’s, the United States experienced a period of immense reorganization of social and economical life; therefore, this post- World War I era became referred to as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s†, â€Å"The JazzRead More The Economic Boom of the 1920s Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Economic Boom of the 1920s After the First World War America was a completely different country. The twenties was a very unusual time period in American History. The twenties were a time of fun and partying. There are many reasons why it was called the Roaring Twenties. Most of the American people were living a great life and were able to afford luxury items, even though this didnt apply to every one many believed that it was excellent and exciting a time of great hopes. In the twentiesRead MoreEssay on Life Changes of Americans in the 1920s568 Words   |  3 PagesLife Changes of Americans in the 1920s In the 1920s many American lives were improved greatly, but some lives were as bad as they had been before. The economy was booming, with cars being mass produced, and many other consumer goods such as radios, were widely available. Also more jobs became available, and many people recieved a par rise. However there were bad things such as racism about. Many ethnic minority groups were treated poorly. The most racist group around

Constitutional Law Parliamentary Sovereignty

Question: Evaluate the accuracy of Alders assessment of Parliamentary Supremacy today. Your analysis must include not only domestic challenges to the doctrine but, in addition, the impact of any international law which has been incorporated into UK law? Answer: Introduction: Parliamentary sovereignty is a vital concept in the aspect of constitutional law. According to this concept, the parliament is supreme over all other organs of the government. The government has three organs which includes executive, judiciary and legislative. Now according to this theory the legislature enjoys the superior power among these three organs. According to this theory, the parliament can make create any law freshly, and it does not depend on any precedent or executive actions. The theory can collide with the theory of separation of power theory that generally limits the power of the legislature. This theory also restricts the scope of judicial review by which the judiciary can judge the validity of any legislations passed by the legislature. The United Kingdom is the state where the parliamentary sovereignty is very prominent. In UK, there are two kinds of sovereignty which includes legal and political aspect. In the aspect of UK, parliament is not politically sovereign. If the parliament constructs any unwanted or impractical laws, that will not applied in the practical sense. But that does not include the concept that parliament is not a legally sovereign entity. In the light of the case of Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke, it was claimed by Lord Reid that certain things are considered to be impractical or unconstitutional for the parliament of UK. But that thing does not mean that Parliament has no authority to do the act. If the action is taken by the parliament, the court merely does not invalidate the law or the authority of the parliament. Alders evaluation in regards to Parliamentary Supremacy: The principle of parliamentary supremacy states that parliament posses the ultimate power to enact any law, and the decision cannot be overridden by any other authority or organ of government. In the case of, Jackson v A-Git was stated that this is the most important doctrines in the British Constitution. Alder in his book state that state that the classic theory of parliamentary supremacy was given by A.V. Dicey. Parliamentary supremacy considered to be legal but opposed to the principle of political theory because it defines that the parliament is above al. In the case of Pickin V British Railway Boardstates that for the action of parliamentary supremacy the valid laws might be predestined as unconstitutional in the broader political aspect. According to Alder judges, recognised the constitutional law and politics are not separated with each other. R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs is the important case in this aspect which states that the exclusive power of Parliament drives from its representative character. Jackson v A-G the important case on which Lord Hope describe that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty is an ineffective principle that has no validity if the parliament passes unambiguous, unconstitutional or unacceptable principle that the people of the country will not try to recognise as law. Dicey distinguishes the political and legal sovereignty. According to Dicey legal sovereignty, includes that the power of the lawmaker is absolute and conditional. But the political sense that that the law must be maintained which is recognised by the populations of the nation. Alder criticised the view of Dicey and state that Dicey by his theory indicates that the electorate even though today it might somewhat be the monetary or expert network with advantaged access to politicians. The internal and external political limits on the lawmakers are described by Dicey. The internal limits refer to the inherent rules and practice with the parliament. In the Parliament, an amalgamation of the conventions needs the Queen to consent to the entire legislations. The political and ethical pressures imposed by the conventions are also the part of internal limits partially. The external limits comprise of all the matters which deals with the people on whom the law is going to apply. But in reality according to Alden, the parliament cannot pass any law according to its wish. Alder in his book specifies that the version of Dicey in regards to the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is in question. The theory states that the concept required external requirements and under the common law legal system the ultimate guardian of the Constitution is court. So, it can be confirmed that the concept of parliamentary supremacy is obsolete if it lose the public support. The theory of Alder is a modern concept. He describes the concept of parliamentary supremacy on the light of UK. He claimed that. As UK has no written constitution, so the foundation of parliamentary sovereignty is not a clear concept. Alder criticized that it is not desirable that all the legal power is confined to just an organ of the government. So, the alteration in the theory is required. The parliamentary sovereignty theory is based on the test of time and its applicability and adaptation. The theory based on the political ideology. If the ideology is changing, the concept of the doctrine will also change. In the case of R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport, it was decided by Lord Bridge that the parliamentary supremacy concept can be modified by the parliament itself. According to revival theory, this concept is extracted from common law constitutionalism. So, therefore the courts are obeying the rule made by the parliament. In the case of Jackson v. A-G, it c ase claimed that this concept can be established by common law in the absence of the higher authority. In his theory, Alder described the challenges of parliamentary sovereignty. There were several arguments that indicate the fact that the parliament can also be legally limited. Alder claimed that the basis of this doctrine relied upon the acceptance from the subjects of a nation. Primarily this doctrine was developed as a historical response to the then political situation. It is initiated to reduce the dictatorship of the monarch. But the approached changed every day. The old conceptualisation of this doctrine is become obsolete now. Dicey provide his theory at the Victorian period that may be suitable for that occasion. The citizen of England was to some extent benefited by that system. The reason is that it relieves them from the mismanagement of the spoil empire. But presently this theory is out of date. The doctrine seems to be unreal, narrow-minded, rationally tattered. Certain internal and external forces made this theory outdated for the present situation. The forces can be c lassified as domestic and as well as the international sources. The sources include global economy, decentralization, delegation, membership in EU, related international obligation and increasing the power of the executive organ of the parliament. Alder claimed that there was no relevance of the doctrine in the modern context. The reason is that there is no political agreement that the parliament must hold the supreme legal authority. There is no such legally resonating also. Alder identifies the major challenges to the theory. The main question arises in this context is that if the UK parliament made any law regarding the independence of the certain territory, later on whether the parliament enjoys the right to amend the decision? In the decision of Blackburn v. A-G, Lord Denning states that if any principle become totally out of the line, that principle needs the reconsideration. Evaluation of the theory of Alder in the modern context: The theory developed by Alder in regards to parliamentary supremacy is very relevant in the modern context. He opposed the view of Dicey. He explained that the parliamentary supremacy is not absolute, and it depends on the acceptability of the subjects. He claimed and identified different domestic issues regarding the applicability of parliamentary supremacy theory as a whole. The relevance of the theory can be judged by defining the lope holes of the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy. The British administration by the asset of Royal Prerogative has an authority to go into any international treaty that can join the nation. On the other hand, the principle of parliamentary supremacy entails that no modification of the privileges of British people without the consent of Parliament. These privileges can be modified merely by other legislation of Parliament. Accordingly, if the United Kingdom does not desire to be in contravention of its international responsibilities, the Parliament needs to fit in international law under the law the United Kingdom. The ascendancy of International law was decided in the case of ECJ in Costa v. ENEL in 1964. It reflects the detail that international law is greater to domestic laws. On the other hand, International law takes priority in the situation of a clash with requirements of domestic law. Furthermore, these requirements were prepared, so International laws are higher still to that domestic law that were ratified later. It was decided before the privileges of persons within the United Kingdom can be modified just by legislations of Parliament. For that reason, the Parliament needs to pass a law that included the requirements of Lisbon Treaty to the United Kingdom law, to that these requirements are in action in the territory of United Kingdom.In consideration of the principle of parliamentary supremacy taken into deliberation, particularly two sections of that Act is supposed to be scrutinised. On the other hand, the Lisbon Treaty launched a significant condition that openly corroborates the privilege of Member States to remove from the European Union. It is mentioned in Article 50of TEU. These stipulations highlight the disagreement that United Kingdom remains abide by the EU law as extended as the Parliament desires to stay in the EU. Consequently, it should be confirmed that the amalgamation of that Lisbon Treaty into the United Kingdom regulation must put the principle of parliamentary supremacy under supplementary damage and in hypothesis this principle still triumph in the domestic law of theUnited Kingdom. uropean Communities Act 1972 put into practice the Trea Dicey considered Parliament as protector of elementary rights and as elected council of citizens most excellently placed to the equilibrium of human rights with the community interest. Conventionally the judges establish that elementary rights might beshortenedby Parliament in the interest of the public. In the case of Entick v Carrington the decision was taken by the court. TheHuman Rights Act 1998comprises theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsand is a legitimate foundation. Section 3 of theHuman Rights Act 1998needs courtsas far as probableto interprets the domestic law as well-matched with the right of Convention. The judges obtain a purposive outlook to do so as mentioned in the case of Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza. Section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998permits the High Court and other courts to set aside legislations that are unsuited with Conventional rights so far. Section 10 of theHuman Rights Act 1998let the administration formulate delegated legislationcorrective instructions, which Parliament have to support. There is no compulsion to do that, but the political force to do that has the guide to some conflicting it has turned out to be a constitutional conference for the matter to be cured when recognized in this method. Section 19 of theHuman Rights Act 1998needs a Minister to construct declaration of compatibility for the fresh law on this permits the court to assume the Act is supposed to be interpreting in a companionable manner. An administration may also make a decision to carry on with legislation that is not well-suited. Section 6 of theHRAmakes it unlawful for public authority act in way incompatible with Convention privileges; this might be superseded by legislation and but never includes aperson works out purpose in association with events in Parliament. Decentralization has a negligible effect on the Parliamentary Supremacy Doctrine. TheScotland Act 1998permits the Scottish assembly to construct on non-reserved regions like health and education but not on the reserved areas like, as overseas policy, defence r the matters constitution. It performs in the same way to a central constitution, wherever the Scottish assembly is a secondary parliament and could not make law for England Wales. Theadministration of Wales Act 1998gives authority to the Welsh legislature to create delegated legislation, not legislations and theadministration of Wales Act 2006expands these to some extent improved legislative power mentioned as assembly power. The European Court of Justice renownedthat all members have partial sovereign privileges, although within restricted fieldsas mentioned in the case of Costa v ENEL. If the United Kingdom violates a conventional compulsion, it will be assumed that it violates international law and countenance action in ECJ. If a pact necessitates a modification of law, legislative body must approve the employed legislation and judges will merely implement if the agreement compulsion has been passed in domestic law as mentioned in the case of Blackburn v Attorney-General. TheEuropean Communities Act 1972put into practice theTreaty of Accession 1972. Section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972gives the consequence in the United Kingdom to straight appropriation. Section 2(4) needs United Kingdom judges to provide precedence to directly effectual EU legal rules. EU law can be unswervingly effective if it is obvious, accurate and unqualified. InLitster v Forth Dry Docks, where the national legislation had been put into practice to provide outcome to an EU command it was understand by applying purposive approach, in spite of the decision being opposing to the factual connotation of that Act. On the other hand, the judges will not acquire a purposive study if it generates abendof domestic law as mentioned in the case of Webb v EMO Air Cargo. State accountability may happen from breakdown to enact any Act, which provide the generous result to EU law or faulty completion and can guide to the judges presentation compensation for the loss. EU law can also weaken the role of assembly as the protector of privileges. To declare the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy, the legislation European Union Act 2011needs a reminder before the United Kingdom concur treaty alteration or additional transport of authority to the European Union. The Act also creates Parliamentary preeminence a constitutional principle. Conclusion: After all the discussion, it can be confirmed the theory of A.V. Dicey regarding the parliamentary sovereignty is not suitable fully in the modern context. Alder criticized the theory and stated that the parliamentary supremacy depends on the acceptance or desire of the people or subjects. The theory of Alder is more acceptable in the modern concept. The parliamentary supremacy is a concept that creates the issue to those international laws that are incorporated in the law of United Kingdom. The paper identifies several domestic as well as international aspects where the theory creates the problem in modern context. So, the theory of parliamentary supremacy, as provided by Dicey, cannot be acceptable fully in the contemporary world. References Alder J and others,General Principles Of Constitutional And Administrative Law(Palgrave Macmillan 2002) Alder J,Constitutional And Administrative Law(10th edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2015) Aldous G and Alder J,Applications For Judicial Review(Butterworths 1985) Barnett H,Constitutional Administrative Law(Routledge-Cavendish 2006) Clment D, 'The Royal Commission On Espionage And The Spy Trials Of 1946-9: A Case Study In Parliamentary Supremacy' (2000) 11 Journal of the Canadian Historical Association Davis F, 'Parliamentary Supremacy And The Re-Invigoration Of Institutional Dialogue In The UK' (2012) 67 Parliamentary Affairs Doig A, 'NEXT STEPS TO THE SUPREMACY OF PARLIAMENT?' (1996) 49 Parliamentary Affairs Flaherty M, 'The Empire Strikes Back: Annesley V. Sherlock And The Triumph Of Imperial Parliamentary Supremacy' (1987) 87 Columbia Law Review Hatchard J and Slinn P,Parliamentary Supremacy And Judicial Independence(Taylor Francis 2003) Kurland P and Casper G,Landmark Briefs And Arguments Of The Supreme Court Of The United States, Constitutional Law(University Publications 1975) MacKay R, 'Coke: Parliamentary Sovereignty Or The Supremacy Of The Law?' (1924) 22 Michigan Law Review McCullough H, 'PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY AND A CONSTITUTIONAL GRID: THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS' (1992) 41 Int Comp Law Q Parpworth N and Pollard D,Constitutional And Administrative Law(Oxford University Press 2006) Rose-Ackerman S and Lindseth P,Comparative Administrative Law(Edward Elgar 2010) RUSSELL C, 'Parliament, The Royal Supremacy And The Church' (2000) 19 Parliamentary History Young A,Parliamentary Sovereignty And The Human Rights Act(Hart Pub 2009) Blackburn v A-G(1971) 1 WLR Costa v ENEL[1964] ECR Entick v Carrington[1765] EWHC KB J Jackson v A-G (2006)(2006) 1 AC Litster v Forth Dry Docks[1988] UKHL Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke(1969) 1 AC Pickin V British Railway Board[1974] AC R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport[1996] QB R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs(2008) 4 All ER Webb v EMO Air Cargo(1994) 4 All ER

Strategic Planning Paper free essay sample

Identifying the long-term strategic planning initiative of Walmart will be the focus of this paper. The reader should be able to recognize the strategic initiative within the reading and distinguish how the initiative will have an effect on cost as well as sales. Many times risks are associated with strategic planning. A brief look into the risks associated with Walmart’s long-term planning will also be evaluated. Strategic Initiative Wal-Mart is a leader in providing goods and services at lower costs than competitors. The store started with a cost leadership initiative for running the business, and it has worked for the company for years.Wal-Mart has taken this initiative and maximized the plan where no one can directly compete. Wal-Mart analyzes the market and decides what the company can do to continue to thrive and beat out competitors, beating competitors by an aggressive price point is how the company addresses this. Cost leadership defined by Zanebooks as a strategy that a company uses that provides low costs while concentrating on the cost advantages of all other sources, which requires a balance with cost and quality. Wal-Mart’s success is contributed to no other company able to provide the cost leadership initiative on the same scale.The company uses unrelenting tactics to bring low cost to the costumers. Using cost leadership successfully requires industry originality and is usually too costly for others businesses to copy, allowing Wal-Mart to stand alone without serious competition. A major criticism of Wal-Mart is the squeezing of the suppliers for the lowest cost and the savings passed to the consumer. The company ethics were questioned on how they deal with their suppliers and the employees for the franchise to continue to retain the title of leader in the cost leader initiative.Wal-Mart has created loyal customers just for the one stop shop concept. Those customers are important if Wal-Mart cannot maintain the position it currently holds regarding the company’s cost leadership initiative. Effects of Initiative Walmart has become one of America’s most successful companies due to their cost leadership approach in business, aggressive advertising, and fiscal diligence. Walmart continues to be a success with earnings exceeding 400 billion dollars net profit in 2010.Walmart has financial planning or due diligence to analyze when considering expanding or making any decisions that will affect the company’s future cost or sales. â€Å"The authors state that WMT gained more than 400 billion dollars in annual revenue and has low-cost leadership as it reduces the prices of consumer goods, but not in increasing profitability. They note that WMTs per-share earnings are projected at 7%-8% annual growth and higher payout ratios (Peters ; Hottovy, 2011)†. Walmart continues to use the cost leadership approach allowing their customers access to low prices to live better.The idea is the average to low income American can have access to the goods at the lowest price . Sales at Walmart have increased during this so called recession and the resistance to raise prices on their products by pinching the vendors has empowered Walmart even more. Being a cost leadership company Walmart keeps over head down and one way to cut overhead is to only have part time employees or restrict their benefit options. Walmart also controls cost by having and implementing effective ways of everything from internal communication to keeping inventory stocked at all times.This will allow them long term success and continued growth. Associated Risk The cost leadership initiative approach allows Walmart to leverage scale and reduce cost when purchasing from their suppliers. The cost leadership also enables Walmart to sell to their consumers at a lower cost than their competitors, which in return will build their customers base. Cost leadership also gives Walmart the benefit of leveraging operating expenses and improving productivity at a lower rate than sales growth. Global sourcing strengthens cost leadership strategy which helps to drive down the cost of merchandise so that Walmart can pass savings on to their consumers (Walmart 2010 annual report). Risks associated with cost leadership are changes in interest rate, changes in currency exchange rate, market change and changes in consumers taste. Walmart sources product on a global scale, so if there is a changes in currency exchanges rates the cost of the product will cost more for purchasing, shipping and handling.A change in interest rate can affect the selling price which can result in fewer purchases from consumers. Walmart analyses the potential risk that is associated with the currency exchange rate and the interest rate and use a 10% rate of increase to counteract these market risk. Market change will affect Walmart if the demand for the product is at a slower rate which will make the product remain on the shelves longer and gives a slower return rate. The 10% rate of increase does not a pply to the future possible market change. Change in one of the market risk may result in changes in another, which can affect how Walmart price the product for consumers and it also affect the value of the cost leadership initiatives. By using cost leadership to leverage operating expenses, increasing productivity and sourcing goods globally at low, low cost will maximize returns on capital invested. Walmart execute a tight financial expense control and a strong inventory management along with cost leadership and financial discipline will gives Walmart more profitable returns (Walmart 2010 annual report).In closing, Team C has evaluated Walmart’s annual report to identify relevant strategic planning initiatives as well as to gain a better understanding of how the Walmart organization uses strategic planning to their benefit. We have discovered the extreme efficiency of using such a tool as cost leadership, and how Walmart uses this tool to dominate the competition and strive as the industry leader in providing quality products at discount prices. This combination proves to maximize profits as Walmart continues to effectively utilize global sourcing policies while minimizing the collective risk associated within.