The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy Essay - 1

The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy - Essay Example It is most commonly used in conducting research on linguistic, history, communication, psychology, political science, education and the study of complex organizations (Waltz, et al, 2010). Strategy content research is especially used in conducting research targeting the often extremely turbulent nursing and healthcare research programs because it is able to provide a basic and relevant approach is suitable in both approaching and retrieval of information and data from a large number of sources in a manner that can be perceived as being more objective and systematic in comparison to intuitive listening or reading this is, in addition to its utility as, a feasible tool in data analysis strategy when one conducts qualitative research (Waltz, et al, 2010). When applied in the conduction of quantitative research, the method invokes the objective simplification and reduction of the recorded data and language to a simple set of categories each representing frequency, intensity or presence of selected characteristics. Strategic thinking is critical in order for one to be able to engage in an effective, strategic planning process. There are several actions that a person can undertake to enable them conduct an effective, strategic planning process. A person needs to try and engage in activities, whether physical or mental that support and encourage the development of strategic thinking on their part. Individuals are encouraged to try and participate in creative art forms. It also greatly aids an individual if the said individual secures the services of a good mentor or coach who can be able to guide them through essential reflective processes involving critical reflection, critical dialogue and critical inquiry. This should be done until it eventually becomes a habit (Sloan, 2012). The use of Constructivist approach can also aid in ensuring adequate mental processes are carried out before an effective mental planning process can be carried

How Has The Emergence Of The Internet Help The Sport Industry Research Paper

How Has The Emergence Of The Internet Help The Sport Industry - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of the term ‘Information Technology (IT)’ that mainly deals with technology which is utilized for handling information or facts. It is defined as that subdivision of engineering that mainly deals with the utilization of electric devices namely computers and telecommunications protocols to retrieve, accumulate and convey information or facts to other sources, when required. The process of IT includes attainment, dispensation, storage and broadcasting of verbal, pictorial, textual and statistical information with the help of a microelectronics-base, blended by computing and telecommunications. IT mainly utilizes internet as the prime source to transfer information in this era of globalization and industrialization. Internet is an international system which is interconnected with varied computer systems which utilizes numerous usual internet procedure suites (TCP/IP) to serve billions of customers globally. It is a system of netw orks that comprises millions of personal, public, scholarly, business and administration networks around the globe, which are allied by a wide array of electronic, wireless and visual networking equipments. Internet is one of the significant technologies which is utilized to transmit an extensive assortment of information or facts, namely inter-related hypertext credentials of the World Wide Web (WWW) as well as infrastructure to support electronic mails. The introduction of internet has permitted or accelerated innovative types of human relations with the help of immediate messaging, ‘internet forum’, and societal networking sites. ... nd administration networks around the globe, which are allied by a wide array of electronic, wireless and visual networking equipments (Coffman & Odlyzko, 2001). Internet is one of the significant technologies which is utilized to transmit an extensive assortment of information or facts, namely inter-related hypertext credentials of the World Wide Web (WWW) as well as infrastructure to support electronic mails. The introduction of internet has permitted or accelerated innovative types of human relations with the help of immediate messaging, ‘internet forum’, and societal networking sites. In addition, the passion of online shopping also emerged both in retail sectors and in sport industries. This is so, because of internet facility, individuals can access any retail or sports website all round the world in a single span of time, which is highly effective (Rajashekar, 2004). The paper highlights the influences of internet on the industry of sports. It also spotlights vari ous other factors as well affecting the sports industry due to internet. Discussion According to Smith & Westerbeek (2003), internet is one of the primarily used global networks,  which includes an organized set of  computer networks to offer variety of information or facts from one place to the other. Internet is also known by a short form of  scientific term named internetworks, which includes interrelation of computer systems with unique gateways or routers. Moreover, due to emergence of internet, the position of sports industry enhanced in a robust way all around the globe, which is rather quite noteworthy. This is because invention of internet enhanced the competitive advantages of varied sports brands from one another. Competitive Advantage Competitive advantage is referred as the process by

Effectiveness in the global organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effectiveness in the global organisation - Essay Example This study evaluates fundamental functions and concepts of management and the challenges that global organisations face with respect to management function. Leadership as the essence of management has defined or determined the fate of many organisations, at local and global levels. However, leadership at global levels is greatly influenced by factors such as behaviour, perception, attitudes, and knowledge impacted by sociocultural aspects. An awareness of challenges to leadership through ground-breaking principles proposed by Hofstede and Trompenaars is necessary to understand how leadership can contribute to the success of global organisations. Management has been defined in many ways by various people. Earlier, management was defined as ‘getting things done through other people’; currently, management is referred to as ‘working with and through other people to accomplish the objectives of both the organisation and its members’ (Montana & Charnov, 2000; p.2). Evolution of this concept is traced back to Frederick Taylor’s scientific management, also known as Taylorism; later refined by Henry Ford, known as Fordism. However, the foundation for management principles is said to have been laid by Henry Fayol in the form of five elements or functions of management: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Fayol also developed 14 management principles from these functions (see appendix 2.1). These management practices were framed to direct workers to follow specific steps that will help in achieving the larger organisational goal, driven through managers (Lucey, 2004). The process of trans-migration of humans from one place to another for food, eventually trade and business solidified attributed to the huge monetary gains; this process further intensified with increasing needs, development of means of transportation, technology, communication; further reinforced by increasing population, demand for

What academic class has been your favorite and why Essay

What academic class has been your favorite and why - Essay Example In art, I try to conceptualize what to draw; to analyze why this method would be most preferred given the forms, structures, materials that are contemporarily available. There is this anticipation and waiting to determine the outcome of one’s strategies; of the combined details that produce a unique and aesthetic form – materializing before one’s eyes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consistent with the Columbia University’s mission of focusing on intellectual mobility, social mobility and career mobility, my personal and professional goals include gaining the theoretical framework in arts and enable me to excel in this field of endeavor. I am aware that although I have manifested interests in arts and mathematics in my high school years, there is much to gain in pursuing higher education in terms of developing the skills, knowledge, and abilities that would make me a connoisseur. There is much to appreciate in the field of arts and I plan to pursue even higher education to delve into the Master of Fine Arts program if and when allowed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The evolution of arts have undergone significant changes and contemporary art continues to be transformed through the multidimensional skills gained by students from Columbia University. I am confident that what initially began as favorite subjects in math and art would be transformed to productive applications that would benefit future generations.   

Emerging Business Themes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Emerging Business Themes - Essay Example It has a more than 7,500 restaurants in the United States and over 5,600 restaurants in 97 countries. (Yum! Brands, 2009). Social Media is defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that are build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content† (Kaplan Andreas M., 2010) . Pizza Hut, which started spreading as a franchise restaurant has evolved over a period of time keeping pace with the latest developments. Needless to say, that its diverse delivery format required huge investment in technology. Now, it is also investing in Social Media technology to keep up with its customers like many other ‘brands [which] are rushing to keep up with consumer behavior’ (Peter Kim, 2009). Pizza Hut is still testing grounds when it comes to social media technology. To find out what the customers want to hear, they engage in conversations with customers over the social media sites. It has initiated various campaigns targeted at increasing its online presence. It has marked its presence on Facebook and Twitter and is offering ‘hot’ deals to the users of these websites. However, a well defined marketing strategy regarding its social media networking is yet not in place. Pizza Hut has set its communication goals as – 1) giving people an engaging and fun way to find news and information from Pizza Hut, and 2) creating two-way relationships with our customers, built on trusted conversation. (Fuller, 2009) Probably its communication goals led Pizza Hut to announce its intention to hire an intern for managing its Twitter account. Although this piece of news was intended to establish camaraderie with the generation using Twitter, it gathered a lot of criticism from marketing gurus who thought it was a bad idea to let an intern handle an international brand on an international platform. (Evans, 2009) While social media technologies represent exciting new opportunities for

Science Department Essay Example for Free

Science Department Essay Every student has unique study techniques and strategies that fit him or her. Studying at night might be suitable for one student but not for all. Theories are major components in education. Many years have pass and I’m still open for another approach in learning for the betterment of my education. Spoon feeding might be good in some areas or field but not in some. During theoretical approaches I learned a lot but my knowledge was more enhanced when they were put into application. During laboratory activities a particular topic is more expounded and it even inspires me to pursue my education due to the fact that it injected me not only the importance of it but also the fun in doing it. Another thing is the laboratory report. New ideas were learned to ensure that the report is accurate and it also helped me think critically. The subject helped me discover the skills that I have to develop. One of those is the skill in conducting a study. I need to know more about the topic first and even search for the previous work which is related to it. I know everything should be developed and that’s one of the skills that I want to be expounded. Evolution explains the history and diversity of life. The evidences are used to formulate such theory: fossil records and comparative anatomy, embryology and biochemistry. These are used by the researchers to trace the human origin or the origin of life. It is supported by the vestigial structures and biogeography. The theory was developed by Charles Darwin. In his theory he said that man came from apes. Many factors causes particular specie to evolve, one is the environment. Due to it, specie will adopt and thus genetic build up change in a span of time. What interests me with this area of biology is the question: does man came from apes? Although there are many evidences but might be a missing link. Most likely, this can be answered if I learn the theory had its evidences. Metabolic processes have a wide area or field of study. Metabolism is defined as a chemical reaction by which molecules are broken down to produce energy. This energy also uses to build up complex molecules. A simple example of this process is the taking in and digestion of foods to nutrients. There are two types of this process; catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is a process used to release energy and anabolism is a process used to build up tissues by the use of energy. These processes are very essential to life. Through this are of biology I could learn some knowledge to develop a study that could help attain a perfect metabolism. I want to learn more about how cells and nutrients react and how the chemical reactions occur and help these processes. Genetics is an interesting field of biology. Molecular genetics is a study of the structure and function of genes in a molecular level. This field is the one responsible for mutation and the regeneration of some specie. This study uses the molecular information to determine the patterns of descent or origin. A plant is composed of highly structured components that it can even be compare to human beings. It has also cells that made it a living structure. When it comes to plant, I’m really amazed how a seed can survive a long period of time without water or anything for his survival and even some are dried but when planted, there he goes; a new creation appears that gives beauty and life. This are is so interesting. Even plants finds a way to get light from the sun that’s why there are many trunks are bended due to this characteristic. Homeostasis often described as the resistance of a body to change. Our body has a mechanism that can control the internal equilibrium of the body. When the temperature of our body rises, our body releases a liquid that will serve as a radiator in the form of sweat. This is used to attain the body normal temperature which does not exceed thirty seven degree Celsius. When our anti-bodies can no longer fight the bacteria, our body temperature rises up. Everything in homeostasis is involuntary. We cannot control it, only the environment, also, when our body is in cold, our body shivers. In this manner the muscles in our body will generate friction due to the collision of molecules and will release energy in the form of heat. What I like most in this area is the ability of our body to do as such. I want to learn more about this topic for me to be aware what really will happen to my body in a particular environment or I could even predict how my body will react. Population dynamics is the study marginal and long term changes in quantity or number of a specie. This can be age composition of an individual, weights or several populations. This is commonly used in animal management. This study can determine how long a particular animal be harvest. This can also determine how long and how many will be harvested in a particular time. This also includes the mortality rate and the birth rate of particular specie. This is very useful in animal raising. I want to learn how to compute or determine how fast and how much particular specie will survive in a given environment. This can be useful in conducting studies about biosphere or the artificial environment. Everything in this subject is very essential and interesting that’s why I choose to take this class. I believe that everything I need to learn, the basic or even the sophisticated one, will be learned in this class. Another reason also is because I have tried previous classes and found its worth, I take this. The strategies and evaluations are good. The laboratory activities, reports, and the like makes me feel the significance of this class. To further deepen my knowledge I need to learn through this. Grades or marks do not really matter. They are only the basis and ensure that I know something. What’s important is the knowledge that I can acquire in taking this class but of course it will be good if I’ll get a high marks. This class will only be called a success to me when everything written on the syllabus will be inculcated in my mind and be used in application. Everything is uncertain, of course. I do not know what exactly will happened but I know it will be for my good. What I need to do is to study hard and listen to every discussions. If ever I missed something or I want something that could add my knowledge I will not hesitate to ask. It will be better if I’ll be a fool for a singlke time than be a fool for the rest of my life. What I’m trying to say is that the shame will not matter even if I’ll be the last person to know the information I’ll still ask, remember knowledge is power. I guess I have nothing to suggest because I thing everything goes well and good as what I’ve known. I guess the research work will we enhanced to further improve and broaden the knowledge of the students. As what I’ve stated, research really helped the students to be more resourceful and to think critically. Work cited: Fletcher’s Meadow Science Department (2007). Retrieved January 28,2007 from http//:fmssscience. com Molecular Genetics (2007). Wikipedia Foundation, Retrieved January 28, 2007 from http//:en. wikipedia. org/wiki/molecular_genetics

Advanced Design System

Advanced Design System DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-STUB NOTCH FILTER USING AGILENTS ADVANCE DESIGN SYSTEM (ADSTM) ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case study is to acquire an idea on the design of single-stub notch filters using Agilent advanced design system (ADSTM). By properly calculating the required width, length and insertion loss of the single stub notch filter using ADS one can design a notch filter which can block frequencies not required. In the micro strip layout when wavelength of the stub is , the open circuit of the stub is converted to short circuit and signals along the notch filter are blocked. By adjusting the width and using various functions like line calc the parameters of the filter are calculated and the filter is designed and analysed. Agilent advanced system is an effective software for the analysis of the microwave links. INTRODUCTION: Advanced Design System (ADSTM): Advanced Design System is the industry leader in high-frequency domain design. It supports electronic systems and RF design engineers developing all types of RF designs, from simple to the most complex, from RF or microwave modules to be integrated MMICs for communications and aerospace/defense applications. ADS is With a complete set of simulation technologies ranging from frequency, time, numeric and physical domain simulation to electromagnetic field simulation, ADS lets designers fully characterize and optimize designs. The single, integrated design, GUI graphical user interface environment provides system, circuit, and electromagnetic simulators, along with schematic capture, layout, and verification capability eliminating the starts and stops associated with changing design tools in mid-cycle. ADS can be used for virtual prototyping, debugging, or as an aid in manufacturing test. To enhance engineering productivity and shorten time-to-market, ADS software offers a high level of design automation and applications intelligence. This proven software environment is easily extensible: we can customize ADS by adding features focused on your particular application needs. An AD runs on PCs and workstations, with complete file compatibility between platforms and across networks. [8] Advanced Design Systemis a powerful electronic design automation software used by leading companies in the wireless communication networking and aerospace defence industries. For WiMAXâ„ ¢, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. Key Benefits of ADS  · Complete, integrated set of fast, accurate and easy-to-use system, circuit EM simulators enable first-pass design success in a complete desktop flow.  · Application-specific Design Guides encapsulate years of expertise in an easy-to-use interface. Components used in (ADSTM) system Term (Port Impedance for S-parameters): Parameters: Name Description Units Default Num Port number Integer 1 Z Reference impedance, use 1+j*0 for complex Ohm 50 Noise Enable/disable port thermal noise: yes, no (for AC or harmonic balance analysis only; not for S-parameter analysis) None yes V(DC) Open circuit DC voltage None None Temp Temperature oC None Table1: Parameters of Term Note: ‘Term can be used in all simulations. For S-parameter simulations it is used to define the impedance and location of the ports. When not in use, it is treated as an impedance with the value R + JX. The reactance is ignored for dc simulations. MLOC (Micro strip Open-Circuited Stub): MLOC symbol MLOC Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 2: Parameters of MLOC Range of Usage: 1≠¤Er ≠¤128 ; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, Er = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1≠¤Er ≠¤20; 0.1Ãâ€"H≠¤W ≠¤100Ãâ€"H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤Er ≠¤128; 0.1Ãâ€"H ≠¤ W ≠¤10Ãâ€"H; 0 ≠¤H≠¤0.13Ãâ€"ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤Er ≠¤16; 0.05Ãâ€"H ≠¤W ≠¤16Ãâ€"H Where, ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations : 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Kirschning and Jansen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Eeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100Ãâ€"H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2Ãâ€"Maximum(W, H) MLIN (Micro strip Line): MLIN symbol MLIN Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Default Subst Substrate instance name None MSub1 W Line width mil 25.0 L Line length mil 100.0 Wall1 Distance from near edge of strip H to first sidewall; Wall1 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Wall2 Distance from near edge of strip H to second sidewall; Wall2 > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum( W, H) mil 1.0e+30 Temp Physical temperature (see Notes)  °C None Mod Choice of dispersion model None Kirschning Table 3: Parameters of MLIN Range of Usage: 1 ≠¤ ER ≠¤ 128; 0.01 ≠¤ ≠¤ 100 Where, ER = dielectric constant (from associated Subst) H = substrate thickness (from associated Subst) Recommended Range for different dispersion models Kirschning and Jansen: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 20; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 100 Ãâ€" H Kobayashi: 1 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 128; 0.1 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0 ≠¤ H ≠¤ 0.13 Ãâ€" ÃŽ » Yamashita: 2 ≠¤ Er ≠¤ 16; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W ≠¤ 16 Ãâ€" H Where ÃŽ »= wavelength; freq ≠¤ 100 GHz Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain analytical model uses the Hammerstad and Jensen formula to calculate the static impedance, Zo, and effective dielectric constant, Εeff. The attenuation factor, ÃŽ ±, is calculated using the incremental inductance rule by Wheeler. The frequency dependence of the skin effect is included in the conductor loss calculation. Dielectric loss is also included in the loss calculation. 2. Dispersion effects are included using either the improved version of the Kirschning and Jansen model, the Kobayashi model, or the Yamashita model, depending on the choice specified in Mod. The program defaults to using the Kirschning and Jansen formula. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). 6. To turn off noise contribution, set Temp to −273.15 °C. 7. When the Hu parameter of the substrate is less than 100 Ãâ€" H, the enclosure effect will not be properly calculated if Wall1 and Wall2 are left blank. 8. Wall1 and Wall2 must satisfy the following constraints: Min(Wall1) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) Min(Wall2) > 1/2 Ãâ€" Maximum(W, H) MTEE (Microstrip T-Junction): MTEE symbol MTEE Illustration Parameters: Name Description Units Subst Microstrip substrate name None W1 Conductor width at pin 1 Mil W2 Conductor width at pin 2 Mil W3 Conductor width at pin 3 Mil Temp Physical temperature  °C Table 4: Parameters of MTEE Range of Usage: 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W1 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W2 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H; 0.05 Ãâ€" H ≠¤ W3 ≠¤ 10 Ãâ€" H Er ≠¤ 20 Wlargest/Wsmallest≠¤ 5 where Wlargest, Wsmallest are the largest, smallest width among W2, W2, W3 f(GHz) Ãâ€" H (mm) ≠¤ 0.4 Ãâ€" Z0 Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line with Wlargest Notes and Equations: 1. The frequency-domain model is an empirically based, analytical model. The model modifies E. Hammerstad model formula to calculate the Tee junction discontinuity at the location defined in the reference for wide range validity. A reference plan shift is added to each of the ports to make the reference planes consistent with the layout. 2. The center lines of the strips connected to pins 1 and 2 are assumed to be aligned. 3. For time-domain analysis, an impulse response obtained from the frequency-domain analytical model is used. 4. The Temp parameter is only used in noise calculations. 5. For noise to be generated, the transmission line must be lossy (loss generates thermal noise). Single-stub notch filter: In Radio Communication Systems, undesired harmonics are generated. A micro strip notch filters undesired harmonics in a narrow band device like a mobile phone. A Notch filter is a device that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centred on a centre frequency. The quality factor plays a major role in eliminating the frequencies undesired. Quality factor (Q) of a band pass or notch filter is defined as the centre frequency of a filter divided by the bandwidth. Where, bandwidth is the difference between frequency of the upper 3dB roll off point and frequency of the lower 3dB roll off point. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY: place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission. Components of transmission lines include wires, coaxial cables, dielectric slabs, optical fibres, electric power lines, and waveguides. Consider the micro strip layout of a notch filter, In the designing of the micro-strip circuits (i.e. filters), the basic parameters are impedance Z0 and guide wavelength ÃŽ »g which are considered as TEM transmission line. The impedance in the open circuit stub Zin is as given below, Zin = ZS} Where ZL=∞, so we ignore ZS Zin = ZS} = ZS { } = ZS { } = j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l However, l = , ÃŽ ² l = = Therefore, cot ÃŽ ² l=0 So, Zin = -j ZS cot ÃŽ ² l=0 hence â”Å'L = = ∞/∞ = 1 so VSWR = = 2/0 = This indicates that the signal whose wavelength is will have very low impedance and hence it is a short circuit Thus Insertion loss response at frequency f0 is high except for other frequencies, this is because cot ÃŽ ² l is no longer zero. Insertion loss and return loss are two important data to evaluate the quality of many passive fiber optic components, such as fiber optic patch cord and fiber optic connector and many more. Insertion loss: Definition The Insertion Loss of a line is the ratio of the power received at the end of the line to the power transmitted into the line. Insertion loss refers to the fibre optic light loss caused when a fibre optic component insert into another one to form the fibre optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fibre optic components. We want the insertion loss to be as less as possible. Our fibre optic components insertion loss is less than 0.2dB typical, less than 0.1dB types available on request. An expression for insertion loss is IL= 10log10 [1 +(YS/2)2] Return loss: Return Loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is commonly expressed in positive dBs. The larger the value, the less energy that is reflected. Return loss can be calculated using the following equation: IMPRLT10.gif (1294 bytes) Return loss is a measure of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), expressed in decibels (db). The return-loss is caused due to impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. For a simple cable assembly, there will be a mismatch where the connector is connected to the cable. There may be an impedance mismatch caused by bends or cuts in a cable. At microwave frequencies, the material properties as well as the dimensions of the cable or connector plays important role in determining the impedance match or mismatch. A high value of return-loss denotes better quality of the system under test (or device under test). For example, a cable with a return loss of 21 db is better than another similar cable with a return loss of 14 db, and so on. Phase Response of the notch filter: The phase response of a notch filter shows the greatest rate of change at the centre frequency. The rate of change becomes more rapid as the Q of the filter increases. The group delay of a notch filter is greatest at the centre frequency, and becomes longer as the Q of the filter increases. EXPERIMENT SUB PARTS CASE-STUDY PART 1: Aim: Designing and simulation of a notch filter at 3 GHz using Agilents ADSTM for the given design specifications. Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 MLIN, MLOC and MTEE are micro strip elements defined in ADSTM which is used to construct the circuit Explanation: We need to simulate and design a notch filter at 3 GHz here, using Agilents ADS. When the above specifications are used in ADS, the width of the microstrip lines is obtained as 2.42mm corresponding to 50 ohms transmission line using Line calc function. The Line Calc function is also used to determine the effective dielectric constant (Keff) of 3M Cu-clad Substrate at 3.0GHZ from which the initial, length of the open circuit stub can be calculated. ÃŽ µr = 2.1 Keff = 1.854 at 3.0GHZ (from line calc) , ÃŽ »0 = 100 m (at 3.0 GHZ) ÃŽ »g = ÃŽ »0 /(Keff)1/2 = 100/(1.854)1/2 =73.44mm; ÃŽ »g/4 =18.36 mm The initial design length of the open circuit stub is 18.354 mm. Thus we obtain the following substrate specifications at Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz, Insertion loss: greater than 25.0 dB and Input/output Impedance: Material type: 3M Cu-Clad, Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17, Thickness (h): 0.794m, Conductor thickness (t): 35um, Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m, taná ¶ ¿=0.0009, l = 18.36mm W(Width of the micro strip lines)=2.42mm From these specifications we obtain the plot of Insertion Loss Response(S21) indicating about 49.234 dB attenuation near 3 GHz which is shown in 8 To observe the effect of varying the length of the open circuit stub , the same procedure of simulation is repeated twice or thrice with different values of length of open circuit stub given as follows L1=20, L2=18.34, L3=16.As we can see in the 9 that as the length of open stub increases the frequency decreases. As the length of open stub must be ÃŽ »g/4 and so the 50ÃŽ © micro strip line is blocked and hence the signal is passed and if there is change in the length then the micro strip is not blocked hence the signal is blocked. Analysis of the case study 1: From the case study1, it proves that at wavelength ÃŽ »g/4 the open circuit at point S of the stub is transformed to short circuit and the signals passing along AB micro strip is blocked. Thus we design a filter at 3 GHz frequency. When the wavelength is ÃŽ »g/4 the signal will see very low impedance to ground at point S and hence is short circuited. This signal will be absorbed from the signals applied at input A, which will manifest high attenuation in its insertion loss at 3GHz.All other signals remain unaffected, hence low insertion loss accept near 3GHz. CASE-STUDY PART 2: Aim: Using the ADSTM Tuning facility, investigate the effect of varying the width of the stub filter. Determine the width of line which provides minimum out of band loss whilst maintaining the original filter specifications (i.e.>25 db at 3.0 GHz) Requirement: Electrical performance: Centre frequency: 3.0 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 CS2 10: Circuit Diagram of Stub Notch filter obtained by ADS Simulation Explanation: When the width of the stub is 5mm and length is 18.8mm the response obtained is as shown below Now we vary the width of the stub to investigate the effect. . In this process the width of the stub filter is changed at different values from w1=5mm, w2=2.5mm, w3=2mm, w4=1mm, w5=0.2mm as shown in 12. Here we also note that when varying the width of line, both the width of the stub line and corresponding width on the MTEE section must is varied. After varying the width using tuning fork function of the ADS facility we obtain a response at 3GHz and width is noted as 0.2mm.The 13 shows the following. Analysis of case study 2: The width of the line determines its impedance. If the impedance is high thinner the line and viceversa.When the width of the i/o transmission line is equivalent to the width of the stub then Insertion loss is at 0Db and when width of the i/o transmission line is greater than the width of the stub then Insertion loss tends to 0Db. In the above case thus we vary the width of the stub and transmission line and when centre frequency is 3 GHz and the width is 0.2mm the insertion loss is very low. Lower the insertion loss more is the signal transmitted. CASE- STUDY PART 3: Aim To design a notch filter at centre frequency of 4.5GHZ and it should cancel the spurious signal and unwanted harmonics by at least 24db with minimum out of band loss with the specifications given below Requirement: Electrical specifications: Centre frequency: 4.5 GHz Insertion loss: >25.0 dB Input/output Impedance: 50 ÃŽ © Substrate specifications: Material type: 3M Cu-clad Dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr): 2.17 Thickness (h): 0.794mm Conductor thickness (t): 35um Conductivity (ÏÆ'): 5.84e+7 S/m tanÃŽ ´: 0.0009 Explanation: In the responses shown below we have obtained the 24 dB difference by adjusting the frequency at 4.5 GHz. In CS3 14 the length and width are adjusted to obtain the particular response Analysis of case study 3: In case study 3 we understand the way of designing a notch filter to cancel the spurious signals generated by wireless communication systems. CONCLUSION: This case study helps us analyse the notch filter. The notch filter is designed and its basics and working are understood. The tool ADS proves very effective in this learning. To conclude, this experiment gives us a broader knowledge about transmission theory. The concept is deeply understood. In wireless communications the unwanted harmonics and spurious signals generated are cancelled by this notch filter enabling a better reception. Thus designing of such a notch filter is learnt.