The Impact Of Assigned Components Of A Designated Measure Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of appoint Components Of A Designated Measure EssayIntroductionIn carrying out military rank of companies, there are umteen methods that are used. Among them implicate asset valuation models, discounted exchange flow models, abnormal earnings model. In valuing the high society using future cash flow valuation method the give the sack operational profit later tax, in operation(p) current assets and other realizes are used. The main aim of valuation is to find the fair set of the company prices. This is called discount cash flow models. Assets based model assigns a observe to the firm by aggregating market values of assets and liabilities to enable in getting the fair value. There is a possibility that the value of the firm exceeds the value of the sum of assets and liabilities in this valuation method. When these figures are used, we assume that the valuation is based on the book value.Operating current assets.Every company that is in business of manufact ure, retail, distribution has in it pecuniary statements current assets. Current assets form an integral adjourn of the assets of the company. Current assets include inventory, cash at consider and bank, short term investments such as notes, promissory notes, treasury bills and bonds and other short term investments. This forms part of the working capital of the organization.They help in the day to day running of the organization since they provide fast resources for those in the company. Operating current assets are grouped into two those that are easily convertible to cash and those that are not easily converted. The easily convertible to cash include short term investments resembling treasury bills and bonds, cash at bank and at hand. Those that are not easily convertible include stock or inventory.Cash is the real amount of money that is in bank or at hand it can be used in need current obligations as to when they fall due. It is realise from collections of sales or data. Data is another cash item which is easily convertible and forms part of the in operation(p)(a)(a) current assets. Data arises from the sale of goods and services on credit facilities. Marketable short term investments are the securities which can be sold to the market on any working day there forwards it is easily convertible to cash.Stock or inventory is items for sale in an organization. The business cannot survive without stock. It consists of cranky materials purchased for manufacture, work in progress (WIP), materials that have been badly processed into finished goods and finished goods which is the final ingathering meant for the market. There fore if there is operating current assets in a company, the above components are considered to be important.The role of operating current assets in find the price per administer.Current assets forms part of the assets of the company. While determining price per share of the company, all the value of assets is added less reliabiliti es. The method used, the future cash flow valuation considers all assets less liabilities to arrive at capital employed by the company or net worthy of assets. Then the net worth of the assets is subjected to division using the number of shares of the company to arrive at the price value of the share. The net worth of assets is equivalent to the equity of the firm. This method is used during acquisitions.The role of operating current assets in determining the price value per share.In arriving at the price value per share in this method, operating current assets have been used. In arriving net operating working capital of 104088.5, 10500.3, 1100250, operating current liabilities has been subtracted from operating current assets. These figures arrived at is added to net fixed assets to arrive at net operating capital. The net operating capital will eventually be used in determining the discrepancy in the investment in capital.In this case, investment in capital in year 2002 has been arrived at by subtracting the totals of net operating capital of 315042.3- 303088.5 to get 11953.8 to arrive at outlet on capital, the figure of the previous year of 303,088.05 has been subjected to division by net operating capital. Therefore, operating current assets has been used efficaciously in determining investment in capital which is in return used to calculate return on capital employed. In arriving at the future cash flows that are used in reckon the price per share of the company are arrived at by subtracting the net operating profit by and by tax i.e.net operating profit after tax investment in capital.The figure arrived at of 35.1 is comparable to(predicate) to the figures arrived at of EVA based on return on investment capital. Therefore from the explanation provided, the role of operating current assets is shown.ReferencesMayberry Personal Receivers from 2002 to 2003, annual accountsWhite G.I, Sondhi A.C and Fried D.(1997), The Analysis and Use of Financial Stat ements John Wiley Sons Inc., raw York.

Economic Analysis of Linda’s Bakery Limited

sparing compendium of Lindas bakeshop express mailIntroductionLindas was established in 1959 by Mr. Lionel Chin Fatt who pr everywhereb the need for flavour baked goods at an affordable toll. They newly put up 12 locations in Trinidad with plans to affix 10 more by 2017. Their product line today includes bakery items such as bread, gamy retiring(a)ries, sweet treats, cakes and their Lindas upstart line consisting of salads, sandwiches, wraps, subs, bagels and coconut bakes.Macroeconomic AnalysisGDPThe Trinidad Tobago (TT) economy is predicted to brood sustainable growth (1.8-2.1%) over the short to medium term (see Figure 1.1), but less than in 2014 (2.3%). This go away be driven by robust growth in the non-energy sector (2.0-2.5%) (IMF 2014).The main risk to taxation Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the energy sector which contributes 40% of national GDP volition be a sustained decline in energy prices. At the current price of $45 for West Texas Intermediate crud e oil (WTI), we anticipate a further downward revision of 2015 project growth in the sector.We ar of the opinion that both Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and WTI result delay at or around current prices, at least for 2015. This is in line with the International monetary Fund (IMF) forecast for LNG but non for WTI (see Figure 1.2) only we agree that crude oil prices leave alone non go into further decline given current circumstances.Interest RatesThe Repo Rate was change magnitude to 3.25% for three main reasons, to keep in line with expected annexs in U.S. interest pastures, the headline pompousness rate driven mainly by double digit nutrition inflation, and continued steady process in non-energy output (Kissoon 2014). We expect as the U.S. rates increase, so go forth the Repo Rate.The Federal Reserve is basing changes in its rate on economic performance however current indicators show mixed results. We expect that the rate of increase for both rates will be slower than originally anticipated.Unemployment RateWith an unemployment rate of 3.5%, thither is extremely limited excess capacity in the labour market. Lindas has a staff turnover of 8% monthly in entrepots. This whitethorn be attributed to government make work programmes. Reforms that will help modify the economic base and reduce the fiscal deficit will be difficult to implement, especially in an election year. As such we do not anticipate significant changes to the makeup of the labour disembowel in the short to medium term.WheatThe major ingredient in Lindas products is flour. Although the flour is produced locally, stubble is trade mainly from the USA the worlds largest wheat exporter. Wheat exports from the USA are at its lowest over the past three years and are expected to decrease because of reduced essential and a surging dollar.In the short term prices are predicted to move lower then recover in 2016, depending on demand for wheat as feed and a recovery in corn prices (Wilson and Mulvany 2015). When coupled with change magnitude turnout worldwide, we anticipate continuing fluctuations in the price of wheat in the short term but not to the extent of 2010-2011 which triggered the last local price increase.Consumer ConfidenceIn Quarter 3 of 2014 aboriginal rely conducted its first Consumer Confidence survey measuring at -4. This can be an indicator that consumers will blow over less and save more as they are mildly pessimistic about the economy. If consumers spend less, suppliers whitethorn decrease their product output which can affect national productivity and wages. (News.gov.tt, 2015)Porters Five ForcesSupplier powerfulness FlourLindas purchases its flour exclusively from the National Flour Mills (NFM) a state controlled Public Limited Company, and is their second largest customer.NFM recently adopted a more proactive relationship with its major stakeholders, including Lindas and the Seamen Waterfront Workers Trade matrimony (SWWTU), such as including them in its strategic planning. This bore positive results like a collective negotiate agreement for wages in place for 2013 to 2016 (Trinidad Express 2015).We would expect this proactive mindset to continue with the meaning of wheat, if US wheat becomes too expensive. NFM can easily import wheat from Canada and Uruguay, two politically durable countries that NFM previously or currently imports some former(a) grains from.We dont expect the fluctuations in the world wheat price to affect the price of NFM flour locally, as it is set by the government NFMs volume shareholder. Historically government is averse to increasing the price of flour, regardless of who is in power. This can be seen in flour and bread maintaining Value Added Tax (VAT) exempt status, the discounts offered on flour by the current administration, and other price fluctuations being absorbed except in 2011.Buyer PowerLindas recently increased the prices on some products and, according to their chi ef executive officer, this has had no effect on their sales. Lindas believes that once they harbour a quality product, their customers will pay the price for it. As such we are of the opinion that buyer power is not a major factor at this point in time.Competitive RivalryLindas is second in the bread market to Kiss Company Limited and they state that they are number one in the pastry furrow in the country. Whilst Kiss sells the same product bread we are of the opinion that they have different target markets. Kiss is available from groceries to sidewalk shops by dint ofout the country, whereas Lindas products are only available in their stores. Lindas products have little or no preservatives and they believe that this is to their advantage since some customers will choose their products over for this reason.threat of Substitution Gluten FreeThe number of consumers who think gluten-free is generally healthier fell from 46% in 2010 to 35% in 2012, and the number who thinks it is effective in managing weight fell from 30% to 27%. (IFT 2014) ground on the premium in product costs, we do not foresee gluten-free entering the mainstream in TT.Threat of New Entry in that respect are some significant barriers to entry for this type of business.Capital Requirements The CEO of Lindas stated that the minimum investment required to enter this business is approximately $50 to $70 million. cardinal of their major investors are Prestige Holdings and Trent Restaurant Group.Economies of Scale In order to produce bread and pastries for fivefold geographic locations, capacity must be significant and utilization maximized. Lindas expanded its factory in El Socorro, where they prepare all the products to be distributed to all locations.Product Differentiation Lindas has recently rolled out their orthogonal line which is an attempt at differentiating their product line from other bakeries.Sector of the EconomyLindas is catergorised under the food and beverage manufacturing sector of the local economy. fit to the Food and Beverage sedulousness Development Company, with the continued expansion of the local economy, the domestic food and beverage sector is expected to continue along its progressive track. In addition, expansion of the regional economy, renewed efforts for research and further product development, and strategic niche marketing will also support sustained growth over the longer term. (FoodAndBeverageTT.com 2015)CompetitionTrinidad and Tobago has a free market economy with Lindas Bakery operating in as an oligopoly. The bread market is dominated by the draw Kiss Baking Company followed by Lindas Bakery. There are other competitors but they are subtile in comparison. In order to compete at the same level as Lindas you would need to have at least $50-$70 million TTD in startup costs.Their products however are differentiated. They are price makers utilizing product differentiation by offering a wider range of spunky quality products some of which may not found in other bakeries. They have also added a new line called Lindas Fresh to accommodate changing customer demands and to stay one step away from the competitor.Customer AnalysisAnalysis of Demand and SupplyThere is limited statistical data on demand and supply deep down the industry. Therefore we made assumptions using the theoretical concepts and behavioural changes in wheat imports and consumer purchasing.Wheat imports steadily declined from 2011 to 2014 from cxl to 135. It is projected at 135,000 MT in 2014/2015MY in the Trade report and current USDA domain of a function Markets (USDA 2015). The wheat import forecast fell by -2 (1.45%) thd. mt in the 2014/2015 in comparison to 2013/2014 season. The origin stock for 2014/2015 was 5 thd. mt (indexmundi.com 2015).Using this trend we can assume that the utilisation of flour establish products (such as bread) has decreased over the years. We can assume that this may be due to lifestyle changes considering Th ere is an explosion of diabetes in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean and it is now the second leading cause of death in TT. (Baboolal 2015) With a preponderance rate of 14.2% and an undiagnosed rate of 37.6%, it is possible that 1 out of 2 adults (20-79) in TT are diabetic (IDF 2015). We anticipate a surge of diabetic related issues over the medium to long term. According to the World Health Organization the life expectancy for Trinbagonians has increased from an average of 70.85 to 72.5 years. This can lead to suppliers producing less. price ElasticityLindas Bakery product is price inelastic. Their bread prices are lower when compared to Kiss Bakery however Kiss is the market leader. Bread is considered to be a necessary commodity used in terrestrial life and is highly consumed in Trinidad. If there is an increase in price, then ceteris parabus, the quantity demanded will not decrease. The percentage of income spent is relatively low there is a wide availability of substitutes , a high degree of necessity and no switching costs.Complementary and Substitute ProductsOn a very radical level Lindas complemented their goods with drinks for sale, a common practice for most food outlets. For example the sale of a sandwich or Lindas fresh capacity increase the demand for drinks. However with a substitute the buyer might buy something other than the intended good in store but if the substitute is outside the business then the company will not maximise profit.Externalities (Positive and Negative)Positive externality in consumption is Lindas Bakery training their staff resulting in an increase of human capital. They are therefore able to educate other people who benefit from them. Positive externality in production is the tax break in manufacturing that will encourage entrepreneurship to lead to diversification, employment and economic growth.Free markets allow the negative externality in consumption is the increase rate of diabetes and obesity in Trinidad and Tob ago.ConclusionThere are major opportunities and challenges for Lindas within the current economic environment. Lindas Bakery has plans for expansion nationally and potentially regionally. Based on the expense to expand production capacity, Lindas must continue on its current expansion path to effectively utilize this increase in production capacity.They can accomplish this expansion by utilizing their current resources and revenue to accomplish the task. As such they currently do not need to go for financing and are not affect by the increase in interest rate. This is another reason why we recommend Lindas continue on its current expansion path.They can gain a competitive advantage through the activity of technology. For example the introduction of an app can boost the companys visibility and brand awareness, generate sales and capture customer data to make projections.However, a major challenge for the company is the limited supply of labour in the country. Even though persons ca n seek employment at Lindas with limited experience, there exist easier options through government programmes. The application of technology above may also mitigate some of the burdens of in store staff by shifting the effort needed to the customer.AppendixFigure 1.1Figure 1.2Works citedBaboolal, Yvonne. 2015. Diabetes In TT Ranked No 2 Killer. Trinidad Tobago Guardian. http//www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-03-12/diabetes-tt-ranked-no-2-killer.FoodAndBeverageTT.com,. 2015. Industry Profile Food And Beverage Industry Development Committee . http//www.foodandbeveragett.com/industry-profile/.Government of Trinidad Tobago. 2014. Budget Presentation 2015. Port of Spain.IDF, International Diabetes Federation. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago. http//www.idf.org/membership/nac/trinidad-and-tobago.IMF, International fiscal Fund,. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago And The IMF. http//www.imf.org/external/country/tto/.Indexmundi.com,. 2015. Trinidad And Tobago Wheat Imports By Year (1000 MT). http//www.index mundi.com/agriculture/?country=ttcommodity=wheatgraph=imports.Kissoon, Carolyn. 2014. Repo Rate Increases To 3.25 Per Cent. Trinidad Express. http//www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Repo-rate-increases-to-325-per-cent-284545331.html.News.gov.tt,. 2015. Central Bank Local Consumers Pessimistic. http//www.news.gov.tt/content/central-bank-local-consumers-pessimistic.VRYEofnF_xV.Sloan, Elizabeth. 2014. The Top Ten Functional Food Trends.Food Technology.http//www.ift.org/food-technology/past-issues/2014/april/features/toptentrends.aspx.USDA, United States department of Agriculture. 2015. Data Analysis. http//www.fas.usda.gov/dataWilson, Jeff, and Lydia Mulvany. 2015. Russians, Argentines, Cows Are Squeezing U.S. Wheat Price. Bloomberg.Com. http//www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-29/russians-europeans-cows-are-squeezing-u-s-wheat-price.

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in ChildrenWhen dealing with heavy(p)s who need mental object and electric razorren, a checkup checkup checkup professional often has to make a difficult choice mingled with safeguarding confidentiality and making manifestations to protect the accompaniment forbearing ofs welf ar.CRITICALLY DISCUSS the effect to which the reasoned framework has so far succeeded when addressing the balancing exercise referred to above and whether confidentiality for these groups of patients is sufficiently safeguarded.IntroductionIn this paper, through reference to the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales, the author allow for critically question the extent to which the uprightness has man suppurated to strike an appropriate balance mingled with protecting the in good orders of children and braggart(a) patients who overleap capacity, on the mavin hand and, allowing checkup checkup professionals to make revealings when su ch revealings be deemed to be in the trump out sidelines of their patients, on the other.The structure of this paper will be as follows First, the author will get a line the jural innovation for separately the right ways to confidentiality and non-disclosure that be conferred on children and adult patients who lack capacity, by the law of England and Wales. Second, the author will distinguish the legal provisions and/or common law decisions which purport to allow checkup exam professionals to act in contravention of these rights, when to do so is deemed in the best come tos of their patients. Third, the author will perform a survey of the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales to determine the legal scope of these reassert wear and tears. Fourth, the author will perform a literary productions recapitulation to indentify the extent to which medical exam professionals, in practice, manage to apply their discretion appropriately. Finally, the author will review the various(a) mechanisms in place, if every, to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who bombard to stupefy to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales.What is/are the legal instauration/bases for the right to confidentiality enjoyed by children and adult patients who lack capacity?2.1 Children patients who lack capacity and their right(s) to confidentialityBefore the rights of this select group of patients to confidentiality are chthonicstandd, it is first classic to define what is meant by children patients who lack capacity. In this context, we are referring to the capacity to provide legally sensible channel to their doctors or other medical professionals to break out their confidential medical schooling to third base parties. chthonian statute, a child patient will be presumed to possess sufficient capacity to admit in the call for the moment that they spend a pe nny attained the age of 16 long stones throw. This is provided by role 8 of the Family rectitude Reform mo 1969, subsection (1) of which provides The live with of a pocketable who has attained the age of sixteen years to any surgical, medical or dental preaching which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a capitalize to his person, shall be as effective as it would be if he were of full age and where a minor has by virtue of this section given an effective consent to any treatment it shall non be demand to obtain any consent for it from his parent or guardian.Of course, this is merely a presumption. A position child patient may have characteristics which invalidate this consent, even though they are over the age of 16. For example, if they qualify as a person who lacks consent below section 2 of the Mental capacitance conduct 2005, which provides that A person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for hi mself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a flapping in the functioning of, the mind or brain. It matters non whether this impairment or disturbance is temporary or permanent1, but appraisals must(prenominal) be make on the basis of the actual decision-making capacity of the individual2, rather than through reference merely to the type of condition or impairment which that child is woefulness from3. Such assessments are to be made on the balance of probabilities4, i.e. a child patient who is between 16 and 18 years old will be deemed to lack the necessary capacity to consent if it is to a greater extent likely than non that he or she is unable to fully appreciate the implications of the decision which ineluctably to be made.A child over the age of 16 may similarly be deemed to lack capacity to consent when they are physically unable to provide consent for example, if they are unconscious5.Similarly, the presumption that a child under the age of 16 lacks the necessary capacity to consent can be rebutted if, upon an assessment of the decision-making ability of that patient, it is deemed that he or she has achieved a sufficient agniseing and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what is proposed.6 A minor who possesses this required threshold of understanding and intelligence will be verbalise to be Gillick competent. However, it is highly unlikely that a child under the age of 13 will ever be deemed so competent7.In conclusion, in this paper, when referring to child patients who lack capacity, we are referring (1) to minors who are under the age of 16 but who are non deemed to be Gillick competent and, (2) to children who are 16 or 17 years of age, but who lack the necessary capacity to provide informed consent, by chance because they are deemed to fail the tally provided by section 3(1) of the Mental cleverness Act 2005 or, perhaps because they are unconscious, and are thereof physically unable to provide any consent whatsoever.Having schematic the categories of patient to which we are referring, now let us examine the legal bases for their right to confidentialityOne such legal basis is provided by the info security Act 1998, which was enacted to give effect to European Council Directive 95/46/EC. This Act creates a legal presumption that personal selective information may non be polished unless it is lawful to do so8, it is processed fairly9 and reliable conditions are well-to-do.In regard to the conditions which must be satisfied Schedule 2 and 3 of the 1998 Act provide a list of conditions and, in order for information to be processed in accordance with the Act, at least one(a) condition from both sections must be satisfied10. These conditions will be discussed at length in section 3 of this paper, when we criminal to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patients man as sistance.In regard to the requirement of fairness, in the medical context, Stauch et al (2002) write To be fair the data must, in general terms, have been obtained from the patient honestly or in accordance with a legal obligation the patient must have been told the purposes for which the information is to be processed and the rules for providing access to the data subject must also have been ob armed serviced.11In regard to when it is deemed vicious to process personal medical information, no definition of lawfulness is provided by the Data fortress Act 199812. One can only assume that this refers to the legal requirements provided under the common law and also under the Human Rights Act 1998. word 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his groundwork and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a commonplace authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a participatory society in the interests of national security, earthly concern safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of rowdiness or crime, for the shelter of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. In the recent object lesson of travel v. Secretary of State for wellness 200213 it has been held that this right is conferred on all citizens, including children. However, from the wording of the Article, in situation Article 8(2) it is immediately clear that this right to confidentiality is subject to a broad public policy division of exception. The category of exception will be analysed in greater detail in section 3 of this paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patients welfare.In regard to the common law right to privacy, this right is based upon equitable p rinciple and therefore a breach of this right gives rise to a civil law cause of action only. Similar, but distinct, from the law of tort, one of the requirements which needs to be schematic before a common law right to confidentiality can be deemed to have arisen in any given case is a traffic of confidentiality. This cleverness arise from a contractual relationship between the parties or, in the medical context, simply from the fact that medical professionals are duty bound to respect the confidentiality of their patients14. However, this duty is also subject to a public interest exception In this case of W v Edgell 199015, it was held by Lord Justice Bingham, who provided the leading judgment in this case, that the law treats such duties not as absolute but as liable to be overridden where there is held to be a stronger public interest in disclosure.16 To what extent the welfare of a child patient who lacks capacity to consent can serve as such a public policy justification fo r derogation of this duty by medical professionals will form part of the subject of discussion in section 3 of this paper, below.2.2 Adult patients who lack capacity and their right(s) to confidentialityAn adult patient will be deemed to lack capacity either where he or she is unable, physically, to provide consent to disclosure or, where that patient is deemed to lack capacity in accordance with the assessment criteria established under section 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.This group of patients enjoy the same rights to confidentiality as the children discussed in the previous subsection of this section of the paper namely, they have a right under the Data Protection Act 1998 to have their personal data processed fairly and lawfully and only where certain pre-defined conditions has been satisfied the right to privacy as provided by Article 8(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (but, likewise, subject to the public policy exceptions provided by Article 8(2) of that Act) and, the co mmon law right to confidentiality.What is/are the legal basis/bases on which medical professionals are entitled to derogate from the right to confidentiality otherwise enjoyed by their children and adult patients who lack capacity, when derogation is deemed to be in the best interest of their patients welfare?In the previous section of this paper, we established that each of the various legal bases for the right to confidentiality and non-disclosure of children and adult patients who lack capacity are subject to exceptions. In regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 and also the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, the exception is one based upon considerations of public policy. In regard to the Data Protection Act 1998, the exceptions are provided by Schedule 2 and 3 of the Act which set out a list of conditions, at least one from each schedule of which must be satisfied in order for a medical professional to be deemed entitled to disclose (i.e. process) the confidentia l information of his or her patients to 3rd parties. permit us now turn to examine to what extent the welfare of these patients can be deemed a legalise public policy justification for derogating from these patients right to confidentiality and also to what extent the conditions provided in schedule 2 and 3 of the Data Protection Act 1998 might be capable of being satisfied by considerations of patient welfare.Before we embark upon this analysis, it is important to remind ourselves of the practical circumstances with which a medical professional might be confronted when treating children or adult patients who lack capacity First, it should be remembered that such medical professionals will not be able to ask these patients for consent, because they, by definition, are either physically or mentally unequal to(p) of providing such consent and, second, in the context of children patients who lack consent and who are under the age of 16, medical professionals are required by law to in volve the parents or legal guardians of those patients in any decision-making processes pertaining to the treatment of their childrentherefore issues of disclosure to these types of third party are irrelevant17.Bearing these limitations in mind, let us examine the various categories of exception which operate to allow medical professionals to make disclosures in the absence of any consent (but not where consent has been withheld by the parents or legal guardians of the patients in question).The first point to note is that medical professionals are fully entitled to disclose medical information to other medical professionals who are also involved in the treatment of a child or adult patient who lacks capacity. Such disclosure is permissible under the Data Protection Act 1998 because one condition from Schedule 2 and one Condition from Schedule 3 are both satisfied namely, the condition provided by s6(1) of Schedule 2 to the Act, which staes that, the processing is necessary for the p urposes of legitimate interests pursued by the data controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data are disclosed, except where the processing is unwarranted in any particular case by reason of prejudice to the rights and freedoms or legitimate interests of the data subject and, the condition provided by s8(1) of Schedule 3 to the Act, which provides the processing is necessary for medical purposes and is undertaken by (a) a health professional, or (b) a person who in the circumstances owes a duty of confidentiality which is equivalent to that which would arise if that person were a health professional..Such disclosures are made in the interests of the welfare of the patient, although assessments do not need to be made on a case-by-case basis as it is broadly speaking assumed that disclosure across medical professionals is legitimate and that consent for such disclosures would not be withheld.In regard to making disclosures to other non-medical parties The various exce ptions identified in the previous section of this paper all depend upon derogation being justified in the public interest. In regard to Article 8(2) of the Human Rights Act 1998, the words necessary in the interests of the protection of health or morals, does seem to suggest that derogation on grounds of the welfare of a particular patient would be deemed justified. This has been confirmed by the courts in the case of Z v Finland (1998)18.In regard to the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, we have already cited the case of W v Edgell 199019 as providing authority for the assertion that this duty can be overridden by competing public interests. It is highly unlikely that the Courts would wish to undermine the decisions of medical professions in this regard after all, medical professionals are best qualified to determine how important disclosure is in any given case and therefore whether the duty of confidence should be overridden. As Bainham (2005) writes It is deba teable how far the courts would want to question, retrospectively the clinical judgment of the medical profession.20In regard to making disclosures to non-medical 3rd parties under the Data Protection Act 1998, while forgetful direct guidance can be found within the wording of the 1998 Act itself, the General medical checkup Council (2000), at paragraph 27 of its official publication entitled Confidentiality Protecting and Providing Information, seems to suggest that disclosure on grounds of patient welfare will be considered a justified processing force under the Data Protection Act 1998 Disclosure of personal information without consent may be justified in the public interest where failure to do so may expose the patient to risk of death or sober harm. Where the patient is exposed to a risk so serious that it outweighs the patients privacy interest, you should seek consent to disclosure where practicable. If it is not practicable to seek consent, you should disclose informatio n promptly to an appropriate person or authority. It must be noted that this guidance notes does not suggest that disclosure will be justified where the risk to the patient is only minor, but provides no insight into how to assess the seriousness of any given welfare risk. Of course, if death is a risk face up by the patient if disclosure is not made, past this will automatically be deemed sufficiently serious.The legal framework How have the courts of England and Wales purported to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights (to confidentiality) of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other?Much of this analysis has already been conducted in the previous sections of this paper, when determining the extent of patients rights to confidentiality and also the extent of medical professionals duties of c onfidentiality to their child and adult patients who lack capacity.However, one key fact has been omitted Throughout this paper we have seen how many of the exceptions available at law to patients rights to confidentiality depend upon a notion of the public interest. It should be noted that the courts have been reluctant to provide any categorical definitions of this phrase. Rather, they have approached the matter on a case by case basis, with pragmatism.Those cases in which the Courts have held disclosure to be in breach of patients rights to confidentiality generally have involved circumstances where information has been released for interests other than those pertaining to the welfare of particular patients. For example, in the case of X v Y 198821 Rose J held that the disclosure of medical information for the purposes of protecting other employees was not a sufficient ground upon which to invoke the public interest defence.In cases where the disclosure was made in the interests of that patient, particularly, then the Courts are therefore likely to be more willing to allow the public interest defence to succeed. This makes sense, when one considers that the Courts are generally concerned with the harm or potential for harm caused by a disclosure to the patient over which the highly sensitive medical information pertains22.The Courts and medical professionals should also take into account that it is in the public interest to protect patients rights to confidentiality wherever possible. As Leung (2000) notes, if the right to confidentiality is not protected, then this could have far-reaching adverse consequences on the level of healthcare which is able to be provided by the National health Servicepatients will be less willing to be open and honest about sensitive facts, and therefore it may be less easy to diagnose and treat such persons23.What, if any, mechanisms are in place to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical p rofessionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales?Of course, the primary mechanism which is in place is the right to private law action which patients are entitled to pursue in the event of a perceived breach of their data protection or privacy rights. The result of such actions will depend upon whether or not, in any given case, the court deems it appropriate to allow the defendant medical professional(s) to enjoy the protection afforded by the public interest defence. As we have argued in the previous section of this paper, where the reasons for disclosure were based solely on considerations of the particular patients welfare, then it is highly likely that the claimants case will fail.However, not every victim of breach will decide to take legal action and therefore it is not wholly appropriate to rely upon this mechanism to ensure that medical professionals remain compliant with their data protection and confidenti ality duties. That having been said, this author can find no evidence of any other mechanisms which have been developed to measure compliance in this regard.ConclusionsThe statement at the top of this paper suggests that it is difficult for medical professionals to decide whether or not to disclose personal information of children and adult patients who lack capacity to 3rd parties, when to do so is in the interests of the welfare of their particular patients.In fact, as we have seen, so long as the interests contemplated in reality are based upon considerations of patient welfare, then this decision is not a difficult one at all Disclosure is such cases should be made. The fact that the patients themselves are unable to provide consent or, more importantly, withhold it, makes this assessment all the more easy.In regard to how well the law manages to safeguard the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity to confidentiality These rights are all, without exception, con ditional and capable of being overridden in the public interest. While the Courts do seem to approach determinations of when the public interest defence should be allowed to succeed in a prosaic and sensible way, taking into account the harm caused by each breach in question it is plausible that some form of monitoring and accountability mechanism should be introduced at the practitioner level, to ensure that medical professionals are remaining compliant even where their patients, for whatever reasons, do not decide to take legal action for perceived breaches of their data protection and privacy rights.ReferencesThe Data Protection Act 1998The Data Protection Directive, European Directive 95/46/ECThe Human Rights Act 1998The Mental Capacity Act 2005Rose v. Secretary of State for wellness 2002 2 F.L.R. 962Bainham, A. (2005) Children The Modern Law. Jordan Publishing.Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1985 3 All ER 402GMC (2000) Confidentiality Protecting and P roviding Information. Available online at http//www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/current/ subroutine library/confidentiality.aspW v Edgell 1990 1 ALL ER 835Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371X v Y 1988 2 All ER 648.Devereux, J., and Moore, R. (2002) Medical Law. Routledge and Cavendish Publishing, 2002.Stauch, M., Wheat, K., and Tingle, J. (2002) Sourcebook on Medical Law. Routledge Publishing,2002.Bailey, P. Harbour, A. (1999) The law and a childs consent to treatment (England and Wales). Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 3034.Wei, G. (2002) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, deportment Sciences and the Law. NUS Press Publishing, 2002.Leung, W. (2000) Law for Doctors. Blackwell Publishing, 2000.Footnotes1 Section 2(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.2 The applicable criteria are provided by section 3(1) to (4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.3 Section 2(3)(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.4 Section 2(4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.5 Not merely asleep6 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1985 3 All ER 402, per Lord Scarman.7 Bailey and Harbour (1999) p328 Schedule 1, portion 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998.9 Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998.10 Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1(a) and (b) of the Data Protection Act 1998.11 Stauch et al (2002) p28212 Ibid.13 Rose v. Secretary of State for Health 2002 2 F.L.R. 96214 For example,15 W v Edgell 1990 1 Ch 359.16 Cited by Devereux and Moore (2002) p34317 As Bainham (2005) p330 writes But what of immature children who would fail the test of Gillick competence? Here, the obvious implication of Gillick was that the parents right to give or withhold consent would remain intact, and this has been confirmed by the later Court of Appeal decisions. Are there, then, any circumstances under which a doctor may act against parental wishes because he judges it in the clilds best interests to do so? It must be said that, as the law stands, this would be a rickety course of action18 Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 37119 W v Edgell 1990 1 Ch 359.20 Bainham (2005) p33121 X v Y 1988 2 All ER 648.22 Wei (2002) p9523 Leung (2000) p45

Toyota: SWOT Analysis, BCG Matrix and Porters Five

Toyota tog step to the fore Analysis, BCG matrix and Porters FiveToyota is a japan based beau monde which was established in 1937 by Sakichi Toyoda and is the homo turgidgest automobile make outrs, Toyota has achieved a set d feature sale of 9 angiotensin converting enzyme thousand million gondolas in fivesome continents. Toyota is analogouswise stratified in the eyeshade ten 500 companies. Toyota is one the worlds most renowned auto manufacturers and they ar proud of this accomplishment and they believe it is only because that their customers atomic number 18 satisfied by them.http//www.toyota.com.cy/experience/the_ follow/index.aspxStrategy of ToyotaDifferent strategies of Toyota be explained as underGrowth StrategyIn order to achieve an swell increment dodging, company must find, evaluate and select a dodge to enter and to capture a trade place. Toyota entered in Ameri bottom market place in 1967 along with a clip of cars and after that Toyota steeped an an other(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) soft touchs such as lexus and scion. Toyota became a successful car manufacturer company mainly because of an impelling and diverse marketing process which has enabled them to attract customers and enlarge its convergence range to other market segments.One of the other main reason why Toyota managed to do genuinely well in America is because of 1973 anoint crisis. When Toyota entered in Ameri butt joint market it was not considered a bane because e trulyone use to imagine that Toyota cars do not appeal American people. But imputable to the oil crisis people realized that Toyota cars be toweringly force out in effect(p) and often terms much reliable. merchandiseing Strategy of ToyotaToyota is a global brand and the economical crisis which head teacherted in 2009 has hit Toyota. Therefore, Toyota is now marketing and making fuel competent cars such as the new Auris crown of thorns and others. On top of that Toyota is very heavil y marketing there 1 litre cars such as Toyota iq and aygo and this happened due to the the economic crunch that now people dont stick much sp shutdowning power.http//ayushveda.com/blogs/business/toyotas-marketing- system/Environmental strategyIn young era, all the gunslingerstantial and under develop countries are more(prenominal) than than allude with the environment and are trying their outdo to promote cars which are more environment kind and throw little co2 firing out. As a global car manufacturer Toyota is playing its role in minimising the co2 effect on the environment of the world. This is the reason Toyota has launched hybridization cars, the last-ditch eco car, electric vehicles, plug in hybrid, fuel cell vehicle cars which everywherehear little fuel and likewise discharge less co2 emission. So basically, Toyota is making cars which are user fri annully and likewise environment friendly.www.toyota.comTo life-sustainingly evaluate the strategy of Toyo ta, some depth psychology of internal and external abridgment required to be done and they are explained as under.SWOT synopsisThis analysis is a great tool for doing an audit of an organisation and its environment. It is the runner step for marketers to aspire to focus on key issues. Swot stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses demonstrate the internal factors of a company whereas the opportunities and threats are the analysis of external factors.SWOT analysis of ToyotaStrengths of ToyotaToyota is global organisation, which enjoys great repute among its customers and possesses a very loyal international position in 170 countries.Financial side of this company is extremely substantive in 1997 company managed a sales swage of 131,511 million and growth of the company was 29.3%.Due to its high whole step, an environment friendly yield Toyota has a very strong brand recognition.Toyota has managed successfully clear up into the ma in markets of the world which includes USA, China and Middle east countries.http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_swot_analysis_of_ToyotaWeakness of ToyotaThe work intentts of Toyota are located in US and Japan due to which they are not in a very favourable position to take advantage from global efficiency gains.The company has suffered a lot of reprehension due to the re-call made in 2005 and 2010.http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_swot_analysis_of_ToyotaOpportunities for ToyotaToyota was the first company to develop a hybrid car (hybrid- vehicle runs on gas and electric) which was the Prius model. At that period oil prices were at their extreme so at that time Toyota has inclined something to the market.Toyota is looking forward to expand belligerently into new segments of existing markets for caseful by the launch of Toyota Aygo the company is targeting the youth of the world.Another opportunity for Toyota is to relieve oneself downhearted city cars which depart be more fuel efficient and also easy to drive plus entrust produce less c02 emission because now a day governments of all under developed and developed countries are showing great concern about the environment.Toyota enjoys honorable market share in europium, UK and America the company should target growth countries such as Pakistan, India and Srilanka where demand is very high for great fuel efficient cars.http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_swot_analysis_of_ToyotaThreats to ToyotaToyota faces very high competition by Honda and by other German car manufacturers. Especially in todays global market the front of intense marketing campaign is increasing which will simply start up pressure on Toyota.The position of US dollar is very concordant so the exchange rates are playing a major role in the profit and loss of the company.The recession that has hit the world almost a couple of years ago have caused major issues for Toyota because car sales have disdaind quickly ever since the recession started.Market trend is changing for vitrine the trend of large families coming to an end and with it the need of large cars.Consistent increase in fuel prices has also bought a significant decline the car sales of Toyota Company.http//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_swot_analysis_of_ToyotaBCG MatrixThe capital of Massachusetts consultancy group matrix is a chat which was created by Peter Henderson in 1970. The purpose of this design is to help companies with the manufacturing units and product lines. The base of this tool in the product life cycle theory and it helps companies to decide on which areas they should prioritize.BCG Matrix for Toyota PriusThis tool can also be used to analyze the launch of a product in the market. In this matrix two factors get wind the success of a product. Market share and market growth are explained individually in the diagram. With the help of this tool an outstanding marketing strategy can easily be determined.Market Growth of PriusThe Toyota prius was launched in Japan in 1997 and it was made available to the world in 2001. By the end of 2003, a new model of the car was launched and due to its modern hybrid engine room it was sold 160,000 propagation throughout the world. It was mainly because at that time the prius was the only hybrid car and Toyota made maximum profit out of that. Up till now Toyota has managed to cheat on around 1 million hybrid cars and most of them are prius.To analyze the market growth of this product, abandoned below is the monthly sales prototype of U.S from 2000 to 2007.From the table above, we can clearly see that prius sales have increased dramatically over thye years. In 2000 number of cars sold was only if 5,562 whereas the cars sold in 2007 excluding the month of celestial latitude were 167,010 which is almost 30 times more the number of cars sold in 2000.The table given above, we can clearly view that Toyota prius was the best exchange car in US with a great margin. Toyota has just 5.3% more sales than September 2007 unless it has overall 50.7% more sales consequently the last year October. We can also see an outstanding growth in the market of hybrid cars which is almost 30% which means that it is a very fast growing market.Market Share of Toyota PriusIf we look at the market share of Prius, it comes on top of the hybrid car market share. The prius has a massive 53.7% market share and this is because Toyota has sold three times more cars than the runner up. This is the reason why prius was the market leader in 2007. The prius has sold approximately 190,000 cars which comes up to a market share of 57% and this is a clear proof that prius is a market leader eve on yearly substructure.ConclusionAfter this detailed bcg analysis it is conclude that prius is a star product. It has a booming market share in the high demand market of hybrid cars. All this makes prius a star product and a product which has a lot of potential in the future years. In the BCG matrix chart the prius have its position in the top left because it has an outstanding market share in a dynamic and fast growing market. Therefore, prius is a star product.This information can be used by Toyota to set up a plan for business and thus the investment the company make in the product can also turn into a cash cow.Porters five forces analysisThis is the most successful tool in analyzing the strategy of an industry. According to wiki this is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E Porter of Harvard business school in 1979.it uses concepts development industrial organisations economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive passion and therefore attractiveness of a market.http//www.themarketers.in/?p=446Porters five forces analysis includes critical analysis of five aspects which are as followsThreat of new entrants. talk terms power of customers/ buyers.Threat of substitute products.Bargaining powe r of suppliers.The amount of rivalry between competitors.Five forces analysis on ToyotaDetailed analysis of porters five forces.Threat of new entrantsIn auto industry all the big companies face threat of new entrants who enter into market to take their place. Toyota also faces very(prenominal) chores and the recent launch of TATA nano is a big threat for Toyota and for other auto companies. Because TATA nano is the jazzyest car in the world which will definitely dwarf in the under developed countries of the world and also TATA nanao and Peugeot has worked together to make that car so Toyota needs to come up with a strategy which will help them target the medium to lower medium division of the world. (Jhonson,s scholes and wittington.2008)Bargaining power of customersBargaining power of customers vary from place to place. In European countries customers have outstanding bargaining power which is mainly due to the competition and because of their purchasing power. On the other h and in countries like Pakistan people dont have much choice and manufacturers charge reasonably high prices. (Jhonson,s scholes and wittington.2008)Threat of Substitute productIn developed countries such as America or other European countries this threat is high for Toyota because there are a lot of other car manufacturers in these countries who sell their products with antithetic deals such as now a day Citroen is selling most of their cars with 0 deposit and on no interest basis for up to three years which is a big threat for Toyota in UK. Because due to the economic crisis the world is facing people are more interested in saving money. (Jhonson,s scholes and wittington.2008)Bargaining power of suppliersBecause Toyota is a strong brand therefore, this threat is comparatively low to them in comparison with other manufacturers because brand confirms suppliers a higher value to their product. (Jhonson,s scholes and wittington.2008)Rivalry among competitorsThis element also varies fo r area to area. As mentioned earlier in European countries there are a lot of manufacturers available so the rivalry among competitors is very high. For example in Pakistan Toyota has one main rival which is Honda but in UK Toyota has Honda, Peugeot, Nissan, ford, wanderer and also other companies which makes rivalry extremely intense. (Jhonson,s scholes and wittington.2008)Problems with ToyotaEven though Toyota is one of the best car manufacturer company in the world but they have faced many chores over the years in different parts of the world. Some of them are related with products and some are blush with the brand itself. A few of these line of works are summarised in detailToyota brand problemToyota is a major brand and its sub-brands are Lexus and Scion but Toyota sells and manufacture most of its cars under the name of Toyota which is not a very bouncing marketing strategy. For example, the problem Audi had in 1990 with its 5000 range (problem was acceleration which endi nged in pitch-black acceleration accidents) which topiced a significant decline not just in the sale figure of Audi 5000 but due to that problem sales figure of Audi 4000 and Quattro were also declined to a great extent just because these too vehicles were fabricate by the same company. Despite of all the promotional and marketing activities held by Audi in between 1990-2000 the company has still not fully aged and has not find its proper place in the market.Unfortunately, Toyota has not knowledgeable anything from this mistake and they keep on launching all cars under the same brand without paying much attention to sub-brands. Due to the recent problem of rapid acceleration in Toyota cars customers are beginning to show less interest in the brand and now it is believed that nest cristal will be very tough for Toyota. So, Toyota really needs to promote its sub brands and to pump marketing investments in them.Toyotas Brand Problems Begin At Its subject matterBrake problems in T oyota PriusIn 2010, braking problems were describe with Toyota prius in America by manay customers, four of them were involved in crash. The problem was that customers were finding it difficult to halt on un even surface. Which resulted in major accidents and as a result Toyota had to do a major recall in America which resulted in a significant decline in sale and due to which Toyota has launched its market share throughout the world.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8497471.stmRapid acceleration problem of ToyotaToyota had to do a major recall in 2004 which was basically companies biggest in which company had to recall 3.8 million vehicles. In the beginning Toyota said that the problem is with the floor matt but after few crashes the company actually decided to go for the recall decision.http//www.leftlanenews.com/a-closer-look-at-toyotas-sudden-acceleration-problem.htmlAcceleration stuckIn the last decade Toyota has given us quality products such as Camry, corolla and Tercel. But ther efore in 2010 a problem came in Toyota a vehicle which was reported as the acceleration gets stuck which is causing difficulty in stopping the vehicle and could result in major accidents. As a result, Toyota has not just recall the selected models on a national model but also stopped production for these vehicles. This decision of Toyota is really admired by Dr. Edward Deming who is called the noncontroversial father of quality management and he said that quality is soften than quantity and by doing a recall national level Toyota has turn out that they care about their customers and are willing to give them something extra. Some appreciate that this incident will hurt Toyota and result in a decline of sales Toyota over the years but some say that this will benefit Toyota in coming years because once the problem is find out than people will be more eager in purchasing Toyota vehicles especially over American cars because they know that they will be getting quality.http//www.a ssociatedcontent.com/article/2656835/toyota_is_facing_a_major_problem.html?cat=27RecommendationsBy looking at the problems Toyota had over the years it is concluded that Toyota should take its business more seriously as they are the market leaders. The company should properly test every product several times before launching it in the market.Invest in sub brandsToyota should now invest heavily in its sub brands. This will bring stability in the sales of Toyota as if anything goes wrong with Toyota car customers will not stop buying the sub brands products and this will result in keeping the market share stable.Make hybrid technology cheaperToyota is investing in hybrid vehicles which cause less co2 emission and also environment friendly but these vehicles are extremely dear(predicate) and not in the range of majority of people. The future main threat for auto mobile manufacturer is TATA nano which is the worlds cheapest car so if Toyota does not take to lose its market share than Toyota really needs to look frontwards and come up with something which is a lot better than quality than TATA nano and the best way to beat nano is to come up with cheap and small hybrid car.Identify market trends and target marketsThe market trend is changing very quickly, now people dont travel in groups everyone prefer to keep their own cars so Toyota needs to make more small cars. At the implication there are just three small cars from Toyota which are Toyota aygo, iq and yaris which is a pretty small number from the worlds biggest auto manufacturer. On top of that these cars are not fun to drive they dont offer good itinerary grip and comfort and on top of that they are pretty expensive. So, if Toyota wants to do well in future they really need to re think their strategy and they should make hybrid cars much cheaper and make small cars more reliable and fun to drive. Toyota is very well located it has workss in Japan, Europe and America so they can manage to produce cheap quality cars. From Japan, they can target asian countries which include Pakistan, India and Sri lanka because these countries are showing rapid growth and people has high purchasing power. From European production plant, Toyota can target European countries which are a very big market and Toyota enjoys great market share in these countries. American production plant can be used to target America and Canada and other small countries in that region. In this way Toyota can easily produce cheap quality cars and supply them to these countries as they are very well located.

Ethical Issues In Information System Information Technology Essay

ethical Issues In Information System Information Technology EssayMy topic on this essay is ab stunned E-Learning grades the social, victor, and ethical issues in eLearning places. This topic is a in truth wide angiotensin-converting enzyme as there are conglomerate eLearning websites like Learn2.com, Blackboard, Intelinfo.com, Worldwildlearn.com, Wannalearn.com, Oasis add-on, e.t.c. I ordain be choosing Oasis plus as my case training beca hire I have use it and Ive seen step to the fore it works. First of each, as the conception is becoming a global human day by day most University all over the beingnessness today revolves around the Internet. This consists of online studying or eLearning services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other means like using the CD-ROM and other electronic means to read instead of printed books. This brought roughly the name eLearning. The spread of high speed Internet among communities and the proliferation of eLearning a mong people bring into being both opportunities and challenges for Websites. On one hand, eLearning whitethorn reduce m whatsoever of disadvantages associated with an discriminate location by decreasing distance, communication, and information cost and increasing rise to power to lower cost suppliers and services. For example Oasis plus, This is an eLearning site which Middlesex university uses, where both school-age child and staffs or point outrs of Middlesex university fucking access the site from each part of the world either at home or offices at each inclined m to get latest and updated information regarding their studies and academic status all they needed to access the site is the access to the internet web browser, it is very interactive that student ass read or download their lecture slides online as puff up as getting updated information about their sort work, assignment, result status, submission of assignment, online estimate e.t.c from any part of the wo rld with full a click of a mouse and they cornerstone as well chat with their fellow students and lecturer online with just a click of a mouse on who is online link to interact and get updated information regarding their lectures or assignments submission e.t.cE-LEARNING Sitese-Learning sites are sites with strategic means of education, that focuses on technology inwardly an educational institute that is willing to adopt it however it is not totally e- education sites that requires technological innovation it is for business need as well, this is a strategic mode of learning or studying that terminate be achieved by using electronic livery methods such as internet-based learning delivery packages, online video conferencing, websites or email to Administer the connections between teacher and students. It can also be any realistic act or appendage that people uses to secure information skills and knowledge via the internet.Advantages of e-learning sitesIt decreases travel cost and time since you can access it from any where you arestudents will have the option to select their learning materials that meets their level of learning and interestLearners or students can study wherever they have access to InternetFlexibility to unify discussions in the bulletin board threaded discussion areas at any hour.improvement of com sticker and Internet skills that are transferable to other facets of learners livesDisadvantages of e-learning sites inadequacy of familiar structure and routineUnreliable Internet connections can be frustratingSome courses such as traditional hands-on courses can be toilsome to simulateUnmotivated learners or those with poor study habits may fall behind.Ethical, Legal, Social and professional issues on e-Learning sitesEthically issues on e-learning sites the ethical issues on e-learning sites mostly start from improper usage of this essential resource known as Internet. It is not difficult to cheat on the internet than vis a vis. Stude nts either studying in a university or enroll on an online program can easily acquire dishonest knowledge or information and use it for their coursework, projects, and Assignments. Therefore it is very important that the software product developer for eLearning sites is cautious design and managed with adequate checks and balances to minimize unethical practices by which student can cheat. This ethical issues can be resolved if the e-learning site software developer pay attention to the design of the e-learning site software.Legal issues on e-learning sites There are various legal issues surrounding the use of e-learning sites in studying which we all need to be aware of, The most difficult (and often overlapping) legal issues are found in the areas of right of first publication, data shelter and licensing.Copyright There is an understanding of neat use (unless specified otherwise) that allows sensible use of materials for private study. Making multiple copies of resources wit hout the express permission of the right of first publication owner, or a copyright statement acknowledging this as a fair use, is not acceptable.selective information protection The website of the Information Commissioners Office (http//www.ico.gov.uk) quotes eight principles of data protection that apply to all those processing and holding personal data. face-to-face data encompasses both facts and opinions about an individual, and the Data Protection Act applies to any personal information held in a structured filing system. Data mustiness be fairly and lawfully processed, processed for limited purposes, adequate, applicable and not excessive, accurate, not kept longer than necessary, processed in compliance with the data subjects rights secure, and not transferred to countries without adequate protection.Licensing The license is the legal statement of how one can use an e-learning sites copyrighted material. In an educational setting, the license will usually state the numbe r of machines a piece of purchased software may be used on. Normally, educational establishments will need a site license, a multi-user license or many copies of single-user licenses. Software and other resources must be used within the terms of the license.Social issues on e-Learning sitesTo grade the social issues in development of an e-learning application in an educational institution, I will briefly legalize the introduction of the field of computer moral philosophy as related to social issues.Storage of data The ease with which data are saved commences the use of surveillance, monitoring and spyware methods really easy from the adept point of view.Unpredictability of identity Present day vague identities make possible stealing other persons identity, forging of a message, or move a message anonymously like spam for example. There is an ongoing ethical debate about the pros and cons of anonymity.When faced with social problems, a professional should be able to make rationa l and well-concluded choice that will blow the social factors that tend to repudiate the standards set by the education institution. original Issues on e-learning sitesDesigning e-learning environments for quality professional education is a challenge for education designers, as the continuing practice of simply moving courses online can be surprisingly disabling. We argue that as universities strive to educate for probity in professional practice, design approaches for the e-learning components must be conceptualized in a broader view of a contemporary learning environment involving integrated virtual and physical dimensions. These are comprehensively considered in an integrated way to despatch learning experiences providing an emphasis on grounded practice. The design of our interface and authoring system is influenced in part by the structure of the e-Learning content.Recommendation or things that should be put in mind when developing e-learning sitesI want to sketch out some best practices strategies for the eLearning. These strategies are not new. Most of these strategies are being used in some form in many colleges and universities it is use on harbor plus as well, I have compiled a list of what strategies can be implemented within the framework of minded(p) software. I myself have pass through some of this strategies when written my online assessment on Oasis plus. The following ways are means to confront the issues of cheating, plagiarism, and copyright violation within the framework of an eLearning software like oasis plus. They can help to reduce or preventing the issue of cheating, plagiarism and copyright violations.Make online test available for just few days or a day that it would be takenLimit the time on the testOnce chosen answer should not be re tear againSet deferent questions for each student to avoid fountain of answersMake student participate in an online discussion group build a short quiz during online sessionStudents should be requested to turn their project in for plagiarism checkConclusionE-Learning site software content and Internet applications have change mode of teaching and learning and have also make new issues around ethics and accountability. The terminus consequence of the eLearning sites has made both advocates and detractors. Some experts say that the successful employ of eLearning programs appears to hinge primarily on the trust and honesty of the targeted remote learners. exactly while creating engaging software, program or content, the honesty and integrity of the students is not necessarily a major consideration. Therefore like in any university traditional programs, the accuracy, right components, controls, activities and evaluation techniques have also become captious issues for eLearning sites. Therefore besides focusing on the look and fill of the e-learning site, almost attention should be paid to the design, quality of content, delivery practices and management of eLearning sit es.

Transit Oriented Development Tod Construction Essay

expedition Oriented Development Tod Construction EssayTransit-oriented emergence refers to a design of the field of honor to maximize the access to so as the routine of usual transport to achieve sustainable transportation, and the sustainable transportation preserve help achieve sustainable society as a whole.sustainable transportation is encouraged by promoting compact teaching around the study popular facilities, ameliorate the pedestrian travel experience, and increasing the accessibility to the mankind cut through. It often incorporates the features to encourage cut through ridership. tod is a dodging to speak with thudding population and it is a maturation to integrate with the transit agreement. A TOD likeness typically has a center with a transit station or stop of public transport, much(prenominal) as spate stop and railway line station, surrounded by relatively naughty- minginess bourgeonment with much and more glower tautness reading spreading outward from the center. (Online wikipedia, 2012)High density population with mixed lower use within short distance, TOD aims that people cig artte access to place more easily with shorter measure which would require little vehicle travel, save energy and emit less pollutants. Planning for compact growth of an area, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly annex the quality of the environment. It prevents problems of traffic congestion and the environmental debasement associated with urban sprawl.TOD contains specific features that are designed to encourage public transport use and differentiate the development from urban sprawl. Examples of these features include (Renne, 2009) the neighborhood is designed for cycling and walking, with adequate facilities and attractive street conditions. The streets have impregnable connectivity and tracffic calming features to control vehicle traffic speeds, such as stipulate streets. Mixed-use development is found that includes shops, schools and other public services, and a variety of put forward types and prices, within each neighborhood. Efficient parking management to reduce the essence of add devoted to parking compared with conventional development and to bear away gain of the parking cost savings associated with reduced automobile use. Transit lucre and post are convenient, comfortable and secure. (New urbanism)ImplementationAs discussed by Newman (2009), around strategic preparedness mannikins are needed as a solidifying of policy tools to help implementing TOD. He suggests four strategic planning tools (Newman, in Curtis, 2009, p. 13)1. A strategic policy framework that asserts where centers need to lead and at what kind of density and mix2. A strategic policy framework that links centers with a rapid transit base, almost invariably electrical rail3. A statutory planning base that requires development to occur at the necessary density and design in each center, sort o f facilitated by a specialized development agency, and4. A public- underground funding apparatus that enables the transit and the TOD to be built or refurbished through a linkage between the transit and the centers it will service.An area is created based on a set of urban design standard and zoning guidelines with a dense population and transit organisation. Increasingly, regional planning techniques are world used to control and shape of growth into compact, broad(prenominal)-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities, forming a hierarchy. Compact development provides sufficient population and demand to support transit system with a dense ne cardinalrk coverage. TODs generally are located within a radius of 400-800 meters or up to 15-minute walk from a transit stop, it increases the mending efficiency so people bed walk and bike to take transit as it is considered as an appropriate scale for pedestrians. By improving the pedestrian walking experience and i ncreasing the accessibility to the public transit, more people will take public transit and reduce the be given of automobiles. The area becomes an attractive and cohesive mixed-use area with commercial, retail and residential uses as self-sustaining.Many cities have faced the challenges of getting the right residential density because the density tends to be very low. Especially in the North the States where people often rely on driving vehicles as their main(prenominal) transport mode, the higher-density residential development near transit system tin can limits the negative impacts to the environment. But TOD is suitable in Hong Kong, given the high density of population, it is able to support the development in transit system and develop the transit network into a comprehensive coverage with high accessibility.Hong Kong as an example of TODHong Kong has a total work area of 1098km2 and a population of 7 million in 2012.(Census Statistics Department, 2012) The toss off sum is scarce and residential use is dense. Worse still, large proportion of the drink down is hilly. While a certain portion of the land has been designated as state parks and catchment areas for reservoirs, much of the land are not feasible for development.With the rapid economic development, urban area in Hong Kong expands in a unruly manner to the countryside which can be regarded as urban sprawl. This has created lots of acid problems. To control urban sprawl and better utilize the limited land resource in Hong Kong, clean towns are highly-developed to relocate the uprise population and design them into a self-sustaining familiarity with mixed land use. New town development with TOD is an appropriate planning strategy to deal with the dense population in Hong Kong.In early 1970s, the presidency implemented the New Town Development Programme in which rising towns were planned to be served by railway linking to the urban area, for example, the New Towns such as Tai Po and F anling in Northeast served by eastern United States Railway. Since the introduction of the Third Comprehensive Transport Study in 1999, the presidency began to take a proactive role in integrating land use and railway development. Railway would form the backbone of the future passenger transport network. Railway stations would synchronize with land use development and become the hubs for transport interchanges.Some places were chosen to develop into impertinent towns as the first planning tool mentioned above. New towns are designed to house a dense population with the sufficient provision of public facilities such as schools and shopping malls, and mixed land use. The smart towns are developed into densely-populated area, we can know from the figures shown in the table below.New townsTime of developmentPopulation (in persons)Population density (persons/km2)Tsuen Wan195977400032300Sha butt197363000018000Tuen Mun197348850025710Tseung Kwan O198235000034800Tin Shui Wai19872700006 3000The progressings in new town are high rise and get to a number of estates to concentrate the people, so stops and stations can be built to link them up and for more efficient transport. The housing estates are in various types, including public housing, private housing and so on at different price as choices to the residents. Cycling and walking lane are designed to improve the pedestrian experience and increase the accessibility to the public transit. Mixed land use with public facilities are developed based on the threshold of the goods and services to provide, many lower order goods and services can be found to make new towns self-maintaining, such as daily necessities and primary and secondary education. For example, Tin Shui Wai is a new town with many high rise buildings to house a very high density of population with the transit system of crystallize railway among itself, Tuen Mun and Yuen Long, and West railway connected to urban areas.For the second planning tool, t he area is designed with a transit base. The compact growth of new towns can support every station of railway system and develop as a TOD neighborhood. Each new town is reachable nowadays by different lines in mass transit system.http//www.mtr.com.hk/eng/getting_around/images/MTR_routemap_510.jpgLook at the map of MTR, we can see most of the area can be reached by taking railway. The railway network is dense and covers most of the dense populated area in Hong Kong. Populous area in daytime, Mongkok, Tsim Sha Tsui and Central, inhabited area in nighttime, Tin Shui wai, Tuen Mun and Shatin, all are linked by the railway system. The distance between every station is close, people can take railway to any destinations, and the walking distance from home to the stations is not long, within the radius of 15-minute walk.The development of transit system and the new towns should be synchronized, the new town development was failed in the past decades when the land use and transit developme nt were not synchronized. Tseung Kwan O line (completed in August 2002) and Ma On Shan Rail (completed in 2004) were constructed after two areas have been densely populated, the inaccessibility hinders the development of two places. These are the examples of the want of co-ordination between the land use development and transit system.The third and poop tools are the development in a center is preferably facilitated by a specialized development agency or funded by public or private mechanism. It can be illustrated by the example of Taikoo Shing as one of the first successful TODs was Taikoo Shing by Swire Properties Limited (Swire). The development started in 1970s when the MTR Island Line was not yet in operation. When the Island Line started to give-up the ghost in 1985 plus the opening of the East Harbour Crossing burrow in 1989, Swire realized the land use development is profitable from MTR system. In order to capture the impacts of mass transit system, development in Taikoo Shing has been diversifying in land use with retail, office, commercial and residential functions, and leisure amenities, such as a large shopping mall called City Plaza.As a result of the New Town Development Programme, a major railway in the New Territories has linked with the Hong Kong Island line more housing developments including private housing grew along the major railway arteries. The closer distance to the MTR stations, the denser the residential development. And as the population increases, development also expands to meet the demand. TODs are gum olibanum well developed in Hong Kong.Benefits of TODMore intensive mixed-use development allows an increase in walking and bicycling within the neighborhood, when a transit connection is added to the mix then auto-free travel to other parts of the metropolitan area become more feasible. Less automobile use operator less consumption of fossil fuels, less air pollution, and lower the disbursal on transportation. (Reconnecting A merica)When the characteristics of a particular place are recognized as supportive of lower personal transportation costs, the monetary benefits can be captured by both individuals (in the form of greater mortgage borrowing power) and the community (in the form of lower development costs stemming from reduced need to build expensive parking). In short, transit-oriented development can be a cardinal part of a development paradigm that is more environmentally and socially sustainable, and that contributes to higher quality of life. Moreover, existing historic neighborhoods are being hold and enhanced by the proximity of more diverse housing, shopping and amusement choices, and the increases in traffic are minimal.ConclusionThe railway transit system is under extension and Hong Kong population is surging, believing that Hong Kong is continue to develop at a fast pace. The development of TOD is beneficial to Hong Kong in the spirit that sustainable transportation can be achieved.

Design of Search and Rescue Helicopter

material body of Search and delivery meat cleaverProposalSearch redeem HelicopterThis cover up uplifted well-fixeds the blueprint process of a SR Helicopter body that tail assembly rival the competitors in the stream market. In order to do so SysML framework methods ca example been usanced to completelyow us to get at a separate understanding of the constitution and the problem at hand. To do so save re front was conducted on the leading SR Helicopter in the market, to get an understanding of what type of features be expected from the organization. After conducting some wants capturing, chance on normal features argon created for the SR Helicopter. This is make by refining the demands disposed to us by the customer/stakeholders. Engineering characteristics ar wherefore plunge from the key design features and represented in the association matrix. This leads on to trade-off decision that extremity to be made to optimize the organization and fill majorit y of the indispensablenesss given by the customer/stakeholders.Systems Design for HelicoptersThrough this report, we give develop a system design for a multitude search and delivery eggbeater (SR Helicopter) that john be commitd in missions that is in hostile environments. Following on from this we pass on conduct a matched digest of the designed meat cleaver to its competitors. The baseline for the new system go away be using an existing military eggwhisk, the HH-60G.1.1 Background of the HH-60G surface shiftThe primary mission of the HH-60G pave peddle helicopter is to recover military unit from hostile environments. In adjunct, the helicopter also executes search and rescue, medical evacuation, accident relief, security cooperation, NASA space shuttle support and rescue command and assert missions 1.The HH-60G surface toss has been utilize in the past for several operations, including the cognitive operation Desert Storm, Operation Allied embrace and ma ny to a greater extent 1. They give way also been used to provide emergency evacuation for U.S. Navy stamp teams in their operations overseas 1. HH-60G Pave Hawk has not beneficial been used for military operations however also for dish outing when pictorial disasters happen. For example, when there was an earthquake and tsunami in Japan, these helicopters were deployed to provide search and rescue within 24 hours of the disaster 1. This illustrates how resilient these helicopters atomic number 18 already, so using this as the baseline of the system go out visualize that the new system testament keep a solid foundation.1.2 AimsThe aim of this report is to use system design poseurling tools to design and analyse a search and rescue helicopter that met the customers requirements.1.3 Objectives express some background research on the current systems in the marketRefine the requirements given by the customer/stakeholders. map SysML tools to design and analyse the system.1.4 Further researchCurrent Features on the HH-60G Pave Hawk include chat and navigation that includes integrated navigation, global position and Doppler navigation systems 2 1Satellite communications 1Secure voice and Have mobile communications 1Can fit up to 12 troops and half dozen clustermen onboard 1Automatic flight control systems 2 3Night vision goggles 3 infr atomic number 18d radiation system that onlyows the pilot to see in low level light (limited visibility) operations 3 1Weather radar 1Anti-ice system on the engine and rotor coil blades 2The HH-60G Pave Hawk includes equipment such as retract equal to(p) in-flight refuelling probe, 7.65mm or 50calibre machineguns and a 3600kg capacity burden hook. As well as a cargo hook the Pave Hawk also has a hoist phone line that is cap equal to(p) of lifting a load up to 270kg from 200 feet 1.Most of these features argon upgraded from the UH-Black Hawk. Which besides shows how the HH-60G Pave Hawk is the leading SR Helicopter i n the market in this moment in time.2.1 NarrativeA military search and rescue helicopters (SR Helicopter) purpose is to be a quick responder to finding a missing soul or battalion. Natur every last(predicate)y it testament mean that the helicopter give see to travel at keen fecal matternonball alongs to r individually the area that the missing personnel is assumed to be. But sometimes the mission commander (person who is in charge of the search and rescue mission) go away receive new information on the location of the missing or hurt race, which give and so need to be relayed to the crew in the helicopter. Once the crew reaches their destination they need to have the technology onboard the helicopter that will accord them to locate the missing or injured person/people. This jogs from night vision goggles to radio systems. In some patroning the missing people will have radios on them, which can be used to hail the helicopter. When the person or people are dictated the helicopter must be able to retrieve them from any terrain and have the space to accommodate them. In addition the helicopter will be tasked to go into hostile environments, which can puzzle the crew and the helicopter its egotism through a lot of stress. The stress could range from subzero temperatures, storms and even bullets in a warzone. unremarkably the helicopters will be armed with weaponry that will defend its self from incoming flak from the ground and air.2.2 Use character reference plotThe use caseful diagram is used to allow us to identify the key requirements in the system. In addition, repayable to the fact that this use case is used for behavioural modelling, it allows the user to identify actors, relationships and the system border of the system. You can see in the normal 1 that there are multiple actors (stick go ins) involved with this system. Initially there is a lot to a greater extent still they are out of our scope in this moment of time. The u se case in figure 1 starts off with the operational requirement, which is Conduct search and rescue in hostile environments, which then branches of into 4 opposite essential requirements such as perish in hostile environments and croak at high zips. skeletal frame 1 proud level use caseMoving on, an opposite use case diagram was created, as seen in figure 2, which highlights the remaining working(a) requirements. At this ramification, the use case method sometimes highlights requirements that are derived from each early(a). For example, from Identify person/people jeopardize, lead other requirements were derived Identify personnel at night, Long outdistance communications and Identify personnel in low visibility conditions.Figure 2 Low Level Use caseThe next stage will be to identify all the different requirements and sort them into operable and non- working(a) requirements.2.3 Requirements IdentificationA systems manoeuvre will use requirements to validate the stakehold ers require are satisfied by the delivered system 4. Therefore a systems engineer should be able to understand the problem in different layers of detection 4. Requirements identification also helps the systems engineer to check if he is creating the right system for the stakeholder.2.4 Organise the requirements by TypeThe requirements start off with an operational requirement, which highlights the highest level. Usually the operational requirement would be agreed with the primary stakeholder which is derived from the narrative provided anterior on in the report. As well as the operational requirements, the functional and non-functional requirements are then also derived from the narrative. To do this, the narrative is re-written a distich of times, refining the information till the engineer has a set of functional and non-functional requirements 5. It is essentially an iterative process where the system engineer continuously analysis the requirements and refines each requirement until there is no ambiguity in them. These sylphlike requirements are illustrated further down in the report, in 2.5 Requirements Model.For this scenario, the Operational requirement would beConduct a search and rescue operation in hostile environments.The Functional requirements for this scenario would beLocate person/people imperilIdentify person/people imperilLong distance communicationOperate in hostile environmentsOperate in wet conditions stick in medical equipmentLow unit equalNon-Functional requirementsFit injured personnel onboardRecover injured personnel from elevated heightOperate in hostile environmentsOperate in cold conditionsOperate under fire broad(prenominal) operating rangeHigh cursing hurryingHigh max speedThese requirements were then placed into a SysML Requirements table, which allows us to put the required information in a table format. This makes the requirements much more than representable and allows us to add in information regarding the requirements, such as, high cruising speed Shall be able to travel faster than 200mph. The others can be seen in figure 3. It is at this stage were the non-functional requirememnts are added, to ensure that all the requirements can be found in one place. Each requirement is then given a piority rating (under the colloum risk) according to the importance of the requirement. Pioritisation was resolute off the conclave of the customers needs and how much of an effect the requirement has to the boilersuit operational requirements.Following on from this, the key design features were decided and justified. This a critial section for systems engineers when they are deciding the likely trade-offs. The pioritisation and justifications are what influences the decisions on which trade-offs will be considered.TypeRequirementKey Design FeaturePiority excuseNon-Functional1.4 Fit injured personnel onboardShall be able to accommodate at to the lowest degree 8 peopleHighThe HH-60G Pave Hawk is the surmount he licopter for search and rescue at the moment, which can hold up to 12 people and the six crew members onboard. Taking into consideration this is when all people are healthy and not injured the stakeholders agreed that 8 injured people must be able to fit at heart the helicopter.Non-Functional1.4.1 Recover injured personnel from elevated heightShall be able to recover person imperil from an elevated height of at least 200 feetHighThe stakeholders wanted the system to have the cabalility to extract injured personnel from an elevated hieght.Non-Functional1.5.1 Operate in cold conditionsShould be able to operate at temperatures more than -30 degreesMediumThe system must be able to operate in harsh weather conditions, which includes subzero tempreatures. The engines in the HH-60G Pave Hawk can operate efficiently in -30 degress 6. As we are creating a system that should be able to rival the exceed SR helicopters out there, we decided our engines should be able to operate under the equ ivalent conditions as the HH-60G Pave Hawk.Non-Functional1.5.3 Operate under fireThe fuselage shall protect the crew and vital mechanical firearms from bullets slight than a 50 character bulletHighAs the stakeholder highlited the fact that this SR Helicopter would be used in the military as well as pictorial desasters, it is essential for the system to be able to withstand small mail fire and automatic weapons. This would be anything less than a 50 gage bullet.Non-Functional1.8 High operating rangeShall have a range more than 650kmHighCurrently the SR helicopter that has the smallest range is the black trade helicopters, with the range of 592km. The coustmer say that they would like the helicopter to rival thoes that are the best in the market as well as retention the appeal down, we decided that having the minimum 100km more than the lowest range out there, will give our system the matched edge it needs.Non-Functional1.9.1 High Cruising speedThe cruising speed is more th an 170mphLow flavour at the curising speed of the HH-60G Pave Hawk, which is at 184mph. This system needs to rival it as well as keeping the address low. So the best way to do that is keep the cruising speed relatively close the to the Pave Hawk, but reducing it slightly to turn away the costs.Non-Functional1.9.2 High Max speedThe max speed is more than 200mphHigh spirit at the max speed of the HH-60G Pave Hawk, which is at 220mph 1. This system needs to rival it as well as keeping the cost low. So the best way to do that is keep the max speed relatively close the to the Pave Hawk, but reducing it slightly to depress the costs.Non-Functional1.7 Low unit costUnit Price shall be less than $40.1 MillionHighAnalysing the market, the best helicopter (HH-60G Pave Hawk) has a unit cost of $40.1 Million. So keeping the price less than the Pave Hawk, will make it more appealing to the coustomers.Figure 4 Key Design Features Justification2.5 Requirements Model (Relations)From the requireme nts table in figure 3, a requirements model was created showing the relationships among each requirement. As you can see in figure 5, all the requirements can be seen mapped back to the operational requirement. This shows the relationships between each of the requirements and how they are vital for the system to achieve its operational requirement. In addition, this tool allows us to highlight the requirements that are derived from other requirements. For example, in figure 5, requirement 1.5 Operate in hostile environments, has three other requirements that are derived from it. 1.5.1 Operate in cold conditions, 1.5.2 Operate in wet conditions and 1.5.3 Operate under fire. Something that should be noted is that these three requirements are not all functional requirements. even though 1.5.1 is a functional requirement 1.5.1 and 1. 5.2 are both non-functional requirements.3.1 SysML stay rendering Diagram (BDD)Block Definition Diagram is used to define the different types of physica l units as well as intangible entities 7 4 5. Furthermore, the BDD defines each obstructions characteristic in terms of it structural and behavioral features 7. The diagram can be used to plot the requirement controls that have been identified previously in the report 4 5. Finally, the BDD allows the user to define the relationships between each block, for example the hierarchical relationships 7.Figure 6 is the Block Definition Diagram for the SR Helicopter System, which as seen, has eight main blocks Fuselage, ply Plant, Rotor Blades, Battery, annul Cable, Visual Software, Radio system, Armament.The Fuselage block is associated to two other blocks (which is represented with a straight line, that has no arrow at the end), Hoist Cable and Armament. The precedent for this is because both the Armament and Hoist Cable is machine-accessible to the Fuselage. The reason for there not being a direct association line between these three is due to the fact that there is no signal mix between these subsystems. On the other hand, if we look at the Battery and the Fuselage there is a direct association line since the battery will precedent the lights and other electrical equipment inside the fuselage. In addition to the fuselage the battery also has a direct association line with the optical software, radio system, hoist cable and power institute. The reason for this is because all these subsystems need electrical power to work and carry out their operations.Each block has specific operations that it needs to carry out, in order for the boilersuit system to achieve its goal. Visual software must be allow the pilot to locate and identify the person/people imperil (see requirement 1.1 and 1.2), in order to do so it has to have the capabilities to see in the dark, which means the subsystem needs to generate night vision display. By flavor at the rest of the blocks it is now easily identifiable, of their purpose in the boilers suit system and how each subsystem a ids the general system in achieving the requirements.3.2 SysML innate Block DiagramAn Internal block diagram can be interpreted the complete opposite of the block definition diagram due to the reason that an IBD is a white box or internal find out of a system block 4 5. The blocks in the BDD are represented in the IBD as parts. This just means that this diagram illustrates the flow properties between each subsystem.Figure 7 is the IBD for the SR helicopter system which can be traced back to the Block Definition Diagram in chapter 3.1. As you can see in figure 7, the power plant block has a port, which links to the Fuel flow property. This illustrates how the fuel is supplied from a different part of the system (Fuel Tank) that is outside of our scope. After receiving electrical power from the battery, the power plant (engines) can then ignite the fuel which then generates power. This power is then transferred to the Rotor Blades, which is not only represented with an association line but the Direction label indicates where the energy flow is going. So, from the power plant the power is going out into the rotor blades, which is then transferred into contortion. This torque then generates lift, allowing the helicopter to fly.Moving onto another section of the diagram, the Fuselage has only one flow property, which is people. The reason for this is because the fuselage has one main purpose, which is to allow people to enter and exit the helicopter. Even though flow property is considered the flow of energy, in this case people are considered a flow of energy. The flow property people is then connected to the torque flow property of the hoist cable, as the torque energy lifts the people from the ground into the helicopter. Finally, if we continue analyzing the fuselage, you can see that the flow property is only linked to one other flow property, but there is still an association line between the fuselage and the armament. The reason for this is because we ki p down that the armament in placed inside the fuselage so these two subsystems are connected, but as far as we know there is no flow of energy between them.Figure 7 Internal Block Diagram3.3 Association MatrixIn this section of the report we will explore the key design features that was provided by the costumer 5. These key features are the ones that influence the system requirements significantly. To illustrate this, the key features were matched with its corresponding engineer characteristics, which allowed us to figure out the forcefulness of their connection 5. Figuring out the strength of their connection lead on to us deciding what the tradeoffs were.If we analyses figure 8, we can see that the engineering characteristics are categorized into five different sectionsHelicopterFuselageAmourArmament magnate PlantThe Helicopter category represents the complete system, which allows us to illustrate the relevance of each engineering characteristic with the overall system 8 5. For instance, the volume of the fuselage is affected by the height, width and length of the helicopter as well as the other engineering characteristics from the other sections. Looking at the Power characteristic, we can see that it is affected by heaviness of the armament, range and weight unit of the power plant, the material density of the amour and the weight of the helicopter its self. This indicates that this particular engineering characteristic needs to be taken into careful consideration when designing the system. Similarly, the Range of the power plant is also affected by a majority of the other engineering characteristics. memory these two engineering characteristics in mind, if we look into the key design features, we can see that Power and Range (of the Power Plant) affects quite a hardly a(prenominal) of the key design features that are ranked at a priority of 5. Therefore, the tradeoffs we will be analyzing will be the ones highlighted in yellow.3.4 Block bashfulnes s DiagramFrom the previous section of the report (3.3), the key design features that have been chosen are Unit cost Figure 9, illustrates the Block constraint diagram created to determine the tradeoffs between the engineering characteristics. It does this by determining which engineering characteristic directly affect the key design features 5. The blocks in figure 9 can be considered as functions, which is illustrated by the constraints subheading in the block. Using the, Unit cost 650km, the function of this is mathematically calculated with the combination of the variables Fuel consumption, Fuel capacity, Weight, Engine Power, Helicopter speed and Air resistance.3.5 parametric DiagramSimilarly, in a sequential viewpoint is used to help with the analysis of the tradeoffs. Figure 10 is a Parametric diagram which demonstrates the engineering characteristics that are used to calculate the range and unit cost functions 9 4. From the diagram and research, it became clear that if you i ncrease the power of the engines the range of the SR Helicopter systems starts to decrease. Looking at the function of the unit cost, you can see that Engine Power is included in the function, meaning that if you decrease the Engine Power the unit cost will reduce with it. This illustrates the tradeoffs of the engineering characteristic and key design features. Further detail in how to optimize the tradeoffs will be done in the next section.Trade offs must be made to ensure that the system satisfies majority of the requirements that was stated at the beginning of this report. As stated in the previous section of this report (3.4), the parameters we will be center on when trying to optimise the tradeoffs are Motor Power, Unit damage 650km. To illustrate where the optimal point will be between the three tradeoffs, a graph was created with all three parameters.Figure 11 optimization GraphThe graph above indicates the area where the optimal tradeoff will be. This was calculated with the research information on the different engines that are used in the market and their outputs. You can see that two main competitors that were used, the UH-Black Hawk and the HH-60G Pave Hawk, are indicated with the red and blue lines. During the research, the force power of each helicopter was looked up and compared to the range that they produced. After gathering enough data, a graph was created that would indicate the relationships between the findings. You can see that as the beat back power increases the range of the engines start to increase after a trustworthy point. In doing so the cost of the system starts to increase dramatically too.The report has explored how the current systems that are in the market, such as the HH-60G Pave Hawk and the UH-Black Hawk. Which allowed us to get a better understanding of what type of competitors the SR Helicopter will face. The next stage was to define the stakeholder and user requirements, which was achieved in the methods section. Creating the requirements table allowed us to verify and validate that we created the right system and the system that the customers asked for. To create the requirements table and other diagrams such as the BDD, IBD etc., SysML modeling languages were used, which allowed us to analys the system designed.Finally, the report comes to the following recommendations. Since the requirement was to keep cost as low but keeping the SR Helicopter in the competitive race in the market, the maximum cost for the SR Helicopter was minify just below the Pave Hawk, at $38 Million. Reducing the cost meant that the motor power was also reduced, which in return reduced the range. The motor power didnt suffer that much on reduction but the range drop was more significant. Reducing the motor power by just 100 Shaft Horse Power meant that the range dropped from 900km to 730km. On the other hand, this is still acceptable as the requirements stated that the range had to be greater than 650km, which it is and with the shaft sawbuck power being at 1,800 shaft horse power the engine can still reach maximum speeds above 200mph.1HH-60G Pave Hawk, , . 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