Design of Search and Rescue Helicopter

material body of Search and delivery meat cleaverProposalSearch redeem HelicopterThis cover up uplifted well-fixeds the blueprint process of a SR Helicopter body that tail assembly rival the competitors in the stream market. In order to do so SysML framework methods ca example been usanced to completelyow us to get at a separate understanding of the constitution and the problem at hand. To do so save re front was conducted on the leading SR Helicopter in the market, to get an understanding of what type of features be expected from the organization. After conducting some wants capturing, chance on normal features argon created for the SR Helicopter. This is make by refining the demands disposed to us by the customer/stakeholders. Engineering characteristics ar wherefore plunge from the key design features and represented in the association matrix. This leads on to trade-off decision that extremity to be made to optimize the organization and fill majorit y of the indispensablenesss given by the customer/stakeholders.Systems Design for HelicoptersThrough this report, we give develop a system design for a multitude search and delivery eggbeater (SR Helicopter) that john be commitd in missions that is in hostile environments. Following on from this we pass on conduct a matched digest of the designed meat cleaver to its competitors. The baseline for the new system go away be using an existing military eggwhisk, the HH-60G.1.1 Background of the HH-60G surface shiftThe primary mission of the HH-60G pave peddle helicopter is to recover military unit from hostile environments. In adjunct, the helicopter also executes search and rescue, medical evacuation, accident relief, security cooperation, NASA space shuttle support and rescue command and assert missions 1.The HH-60G surface toss has been utilize in the past for several operations, including the cognitive operation Desert Storm, Operation Allied embrace and ma ny to a greater extent 1. They give way also been used to provide emergency evacuation for U.S. Navy stamp teams in their operations overseas 1. HH-60G Pave Hawk has not beneficial been used for military operations however also for dish outing when pictorial disasters happen. For example, when there was an earthquake and tsunami in Japan, these helicopters were deployed to provide search and rescue within 24 hours of the disaster 1. This illustrates how resilient these helicopters atomic number 18 already, so using this as the baseline of the system go out visualize that the new system testament keep a solid foundation.1.2 AimsThe aim of this report is to use system design poseurling tools to design and analyse a search and rescue helicopter that met the customers requirements.1.3 Objectives express some background research on the current systems in the marketRefine the requirements given by the customer/stakeholders. map SysML tools to design and analyse the system.1.4 Further researchCurrent Features on the HH-60G Pave Hawk include chat and navigation that includes integrated navigation, global position and Doppler navigation systems 2 1Satellite communications 1Secure voice and Have mobile communications 1Can fit up to 12 troops and half dozen clustermen onboard 1Automatic flight control systems 2 3Night vision goggles 3 infr atomic number 18d radiation system that onlyows the pilot to see in low level light (limited visibility) operations 3 1Weather radar 1Anti-ice system on the engine and rotor coil blades 2The HH-60G Pave Hawk includes equipment such as retract equal to(p) in-flight refuelling probe, 7.65mm or 50calibre machineguns and a 3600kg capacity burden hook. As well as a cargo hook the Pave Hawk also has a hoist phone line that is cap equal to(p) of lifting a load up to 270kg from 200 feet 1.Most of these features argon upgraded from the UH-Black Hawk. Which besides shows how the HH-60G Pave Hawk is the leading SR Helicopter i n the market in this moment in time.2.1 NarrativeA military search and rescue helicopters (SR Helicopter) purpose is to be a quick responder to finding a missing soul or battalion. Natur every last(predicate)y it testament mean that the helicopter give see to travel at keen fecal matternonball alongs to r individually the area that the missing personnel is assumed to be. But sometimes the mission commander (person who is in charge of the search and rescue mission) go away receive new information on the location of the missing or hurt race, which give and so need to be relayed to the crew in the helicopter. Once the crew reaches their destination they need to have the technology onboard the helicopter that will accord them to locate the missing or injured person/people. This jogs from night vision goggles to radio systems. In some patroning the missing people will have radios on them, which can be used to hail the helicopter. When the person or people are dictated the helicopter must be able to retrieve them from any terrain and have the space to accommodate them. In addition the helicopter will be tasked to go into hostile environments, which can puzzle the crew and the helicopter its egotism through a lot of stress. The stress could range from subzero temperatures, storms and even bullets in a warzone. unremarkably the helicopters will be armed with weaponry that will defend its self from incoming flak from the ground and air.2.2 Use character reference plotThe use caseful diagram is used to allow us to identify the key requirements in the system. In addition, repayable to the fact that this use case is used for behavioural modelling, it allows the user to identify actors, relationships and the system border of the system. You can see in the normal 1 that there are multiple actors (stick go ins) involved with this system. Initially there is a lot to a greater extent still they are out of our scope in this moment of time. The u se case in figure 1 starts off with the operational requirement, which is Conduct search and rescue in hostile environments, which then branches of into 4 opposite essential requirements such as perish in hostile environments and croak at high zips. skeletal frame 1 proud level use caseMoving on, an opposite use case diagram was created, as seen in figure 2, which highlights the remaining working(a) requirements. At this ramification, the use case method sometimes highlights requirements that are derived from each early(a). For example, from Identify person/people jeopardize, lead other requirements were derived Identify personnel at night, Long outdistance communications and Identify personnel in low visibility conditions.Figure 2 Low Level Use caseThe next stage will be to identify all the different requirements and sort them into operable and non- working(a) requirements.2.3 Requirements IdentificationA systems manoeuvre will use requirements to validate the stakehold ers require are satisfied by the delivered system 4. Therefore a systems engineer should be able to understand the problem in different layers of detection 4. Requirements identification also helps the systems engineer to check if he is creating the right system for the stakeholder.2.4 Organise the requirements by TypeThe requirements start off with an operational requirement, which highlights the highest level. Usually the operational requirement would be agreed with the primary stakeholder which is derived from the narrative provided anterior on in the report. As well as the operational requirements, the functional and non-functional requirements are then also derived from the narrative. To do this, the narrative is re-written a distich of times, refining the information till the engineer has a set of functional and non-functional requirements 5. It is essentially an iterative process where the system engineer continuously analysis the requirements and refines each requirement until there is no ambiguity in them. These sylphlike requirements are illustrated further down in the report, in 2.5 Requirements Model.For this scenario, the Operational requirement would beConduct a search and rescue operation in hostile environments.The Functional requirements for this scenario would beLocate person/people imperilIdentify person/people imperilLong distance communicationOperate in hostile environmentsOperate in wet conditions stick in medical equipmentLow unit equalNon-Functional requirementsFit injured personnel onboardRecover injured personnel from elevated heightOperate in hostile environmentsOperate in cold conditionsOperate under fire broad(prenominal) operating rangeHigh cursing hurryingHigh max speedThese requirements were then placed into a SysML Requirements table, which allows us to put the required information in a table format. This makes the requirements much more than representable and allows us to add in information regarding the requirements, such as, high cruising speed Shall be able to travel faster than 200mph. The others can be seen in figure 3. It is at this stage were the non-functional requirememnts are added, to ensure that all the requirements can be found in one place. Each requirement is then given a piority rating (under the colloum risk) according to the importance of the requirement. Pioritisation was resolute off the conclave of the customers needs and how much of an effect the requirement has to the boilersuit operational requirements.Following on from this, the key design features were decided and justified. This a critial section for systems engineers when they are deciding the likely trade-offs. The pioritisation and justifications are what influences the decisions on which trade-offs will be considered.TypeRequirementKey Design FeaturePiority excuseNon-Functional1.4 Fit injured personnel onboardShall be able to accommodate at to the lowest degree 8 peopleHighThe HH-60G Pave Hawk is the surmount he licopter for search and rescue at the moment, which can hold up to 12 people and the six crew members onboard. Taking into consideration this is when all people are healthy and not injured the stakeholders agreed that 8 injured people must be able to fit at heart the helicopter.Non-Functional1.4.1 Recover injured personnel from elevated heightShall be able to recover person imperil from an elevated height of at least 200 feetHighThe stakeholders wanted the system to have the cabalility to extract injured personnel from an elevated hieght.Non-Functional1.5.1 Operate in cold conditionsShould be able to operate at temperatures more than -30 degreesMediumThe system must be able to operate in harsh weather conditions, which includes subzero tempreatures. The engines in the HH-60G Pave Hawk can operate efficiently in -30 degress 6. As we are creating a system that should be able to rival the exceed SR helicopters out there, we decided our engines should be able to operate under the equ ivalent conditions as the HH-60G Pave Hawk.Non-Functional1.5.3 Operate under fireThe fuselage shall protect the crew and vital mechanical firearms from bullets slight than a 50 character bulletHighAs the stakeholder highlited the fact that this SR Helicopter would be used in the military as well as pictorial desasters, it is essential for the system to be able to withstand small mail fire and automatic weapons. This would be anything less than a 50 gage bullet.Non-Functional1.8 High operating rangeShall have a range more than 650kmHighCurrently the SR helicopter that has the smallest range is the black trade helicopters, with the range of 592km. The coustmer say that they would like the helicopter to rival thoes that are the best in the market as well as retention the appeal down, we decided that having the minimum 100km more than the lowest range out there, will give our system the matched edge it needs.Non-Functional1.9.1 High Cruising speedThe cruising speed is more th an 170mphLow flavour at the curising speed of the HH-60G Pave Hawk, which is at 184mph. This system needs to rival it as well as keeping the address low. So the best way to do that is keep the cruising speed relatively close the to the Pave Hawk, but reducing it slightly to turn away the costs.Non-Functional1.9.2 High Max speedThe max speed is more than 200mphHigh spirit at the max speed of the HH-60G Pave Hawk, which is at 220mph 1. This system needs to rival it as well as keeping the cost low. So the best way to do that is keep the max speed relatively close the to the Pave Hawk, but reducing it slightly to depress the costs.Non-Functional1.7 Low unit costUnit Price shall be less than $40.1 MillionHighAnalysing the market, the best helicopter (HH-60G Pave Hawk) has a unit cost of $40.1 Million. So keeping the price less than the Pave Hawk, will make it more appealing to the coustomers.Figure 4 Key Design Features Justification2.5 Requirements Model (Relations)From the requireme nts table in figure 3, a requirements model was created showing the relationships among each requirement. As you can see in figure 5, all the requirements can be seen mapped back to the operational requirement. This shows the relationships between each of the requirements and how they are vital for the system to achieve its operational requirement. In addition, this tool allows us to highlight the requirements that are derived from other requirements. For example, in figure 5, requirement 1.5 Operate in hostile environments, has three other requirements that are derived from it. 1.5.1 Operate in cold conditions, 1.5.2 Operate in wet conditions and 1.5.3 Operate under fire. Something that should be noted is that these three requirements are not all functional requirements. even though 1.5.1 is a functional requirement 1.5.1 and 1. 5.2 are both non-functional requirements.3.1 SysML stay rendering Diagram (BDD)Block Definition Diagram is used to define the different types of physica l units as well as intangible entities 7 4 5. Furthermore, the BDD defines each obstructions characteristic in terms of it structural and behavioral features 7. The diagram can be used to plot the requirement controls that have been identified previously in the report 4 5. Finally, the BDD allows the user to define the relationships between each block, for example the hierarchical relationships 7.Figure 6 is the Block Definition Diagram for the SR Helicopter System, which as seen, has eight main blocks Fuselage, ply Plant, Rotor Blades, Battery, annul Cable, Visual Software, Radio system, Armament.The Fuselage block is associated to two other blocks (which is represented with a straight line, that has no arrow at the end), Hoist Cable and Armament. The precedent for this is because both the Armament and Hoist Cable is machine-accessible to the Fuselage. The reason for there not being a direct association line between these three is due to the fact that there is no signal mix between these subsystems. On the other hand, if we look at the Battery and the Fuselage there is a direct association line since the battery will precedent the lights and other electrical equipment inside the fuselage. In addition to the fuselage the battery also has a direct association line with the optical software, radio system, hoist cable and power institute. The reason for this is because all these subsystems need electrical power to work and carry out their operations.Each block has specific operations that it needs to carry out, in order for the boilersuit system to achieve its goal. Visual software must be allow the pilot to locate and identify the person/people imperil (see requirement 1.1 and 1.2), in order to do so it has to have the capabilities to see in the dark, which means the subsystem needs to generate night vision display. By flavor at the rest of the blocks it is now easily identifiable, of their purpose in the boilers suit system and how each subsystem a ids the general system in achieving the requirements.3.2 SysML innate Block DiagramAn Internal block diagram can be interpreted the complete opposite of the block definition diagram due to the reason that an IBD is a white box or internal find out of a system block 4 5. The blocks in the BDD are represented in the IBD as parts. This just means that this diagram illustrates the flow properties between each subsystem.Figure 7 is the IBD for the SR helicopter system which can be traced back to the Block Definition Diagram in chapter 3.1. As you can see in figure 7, the power plant block has a port, which links to the Fuel flow property. This illustrates how the fuel is supplied from a different part of the system (Fuel Tank) that is outside of our scope. After receiving electrical power from the battery, the power plant (engines) can then ignite the fuel which then generates power. This power is then transferred to the Rotor Blades, which is not only represented with an association line but the Direction label indicates where the energy flow is going. So, from the power plant the power is going out into the rotor blades, which is then transferred into contortion. This torque then generates lift, allowing the helicopter to fly.Moving onto another section of the diagram, the Fuselage has only one flow property, which is people. The reason for this is because the fuselage has one main purpose, which is to allow people to enter and exit the helicopter. Even though flow property is considered the flow of energy, in this case people are considered a flow of energy. The flow property people is then connected to the torque flow property of the hoist cable, as the torque energy lifts the people from the ground into the helicopter. Finally, if we continue analyzing the fuselage, you can see that the flow property is only linked to one other flow property, but there is still an association line between the fuselage and the armament. The reason for this is because we ki p down that the armament in placed inside the fuselage so these two subsystems are connected, but as far as we know there is no flow of energy between them.Figure 7 Internal Block Diagram3.3 Association MatrixIn this section of the report we will explore the key design features that was provided by the costumer 5. These key features are the ones that influence the system requirements significantly. To illustrate this, the key features were matched with its corresponding engineer characteristics, which allowed us to figure out the forcefulness of their connection 5. Figuring out the strength of their connection lead on to us deciding what the tradeoffs were.If we analyses figure 8, we can see that the engineering characteristics are categorized into five different sectionsHelicopterFuselageAmourArmament magnate PlantThe Helicopter category represents the complete system, which allows us to illustrate the relevance of each engineering characteristic with the overall system 8 5. For instance, the volume of the fuselage is affected by the height, width and length of the helicopter as well as the other engineering characteristics from the other sections. Looking at the Power characteristic, we can see that it is affected by heaviness of the armament, range and weight unit of the power plant, the material density of the amour and the weight of the helicopter its self. This indicates that this particular engineering characteristic needs to be taken into careful consideration when designing the system. Similarly, the Range of the power plant is also affected by a majority of the other engineering characteristics. memory these two engineering characteristics in mind, if we look into the key design features, we can see that Power and Range (of the Power Plant) affects quite a hardly a(prenominal) of the key design features that are ranked at a priority of 5. Therefore, the tradeoffs we will be analyzing will be the ones highlighted in yellow.3.4 Block bashfulnes s DiagramFrom the previous section of the report (3.3), the key design features that have been chosen are Unit cost Figure 9, illustrates the Block constraint diagram created to determine the tradeoffs between the engineering characteristics. It does this by determining which engineering characteristic directly affect the key design features 5. The blocks in figure 9 can be considered as functions, which is illustrated by the constraints subheading in the block. Using the, Unit cost 650km, the function of this is mathematically calculated with the combination of the variables Fuel consumption, Fuel capacity, Weight, Engine Power, Helicopter speed and Air resistance.3.5 parametric DiagramSimilarly, in a sequential viewpoint is used to help with the analysis of the tradeoffs. Figure 10 is a Parametric diagram which demonstrates the engineering characteristics that are used to calculate the range and unit cost functions 9 4. From the diagram and research, it became clear that if you i ncrease the power of the engines the range of the SR Helicopter systems starts to decrease. Looking at the function of the unit cost, you can see that Engine Power is included in the function, meaning that if you decrease the Engine Power the unit cost will reduce with it. This illustrates the tradeoffs of the engineering characteristic and key design features. Further detail in how to optimize the tradeoffs will be done in the next section.Trade offs must be made to ensure that the system satisfies majority of the requirements that was stated at the beginning of this report. As stated in the previous section of this report (3.4), the parameters we will be center on when trying to optimise the tradeoffs are Motor Power, Unit damage 650km. To illustrate where the optimal point will be between the three tradeoffs, a graph was created with all three parameters.Figure 11 optimization GraphThe graph above indicates the area where the optimal tradeoff will be. This was calculated with the research information on the different engines that are used in the market and their outputs. You can see that two main competitors that were used, the UH-Black Hawk and the HH-60G Pave Hawk, are indicated with the red and blue lines. During the research, the force power of each helicopter was looked up and compared to the range that they produced. After gathering enough data, a graph was created that would indicate the relationships between the findings. You can see that as the beat back power increases the range of the engines start to increase after a trustworthy point. In doing so the cost of the system starts to increase dramatically too.The report has explored how the current systems that are in the market, such as the HH-60G Pave Hawk and the UH-Black Hawk. Which allowed us to get a better understanding of what type of competitors the SR Helicopter will face. The next stage was to define the stakeholder and user requirements, which was achieved in the methods section. Creating the requirements table allowed us to verify and validate that we created the right system and the system that the customers asked for. To create the requirements table and other diagrams such as the BDD, IBD etc., SysML modeling languages were used, which allowed us to analys the system designed.Finally, the report comes to the following recommendations. Since the requirement was to keep cost as low but keeping the SR Helicopter in the competitive race in the market, the maximum cost for the SR Helicopter was minify just below the Pave Hawk, at $38 Million. Reducing the cost meant that the motor power was also reduced, which in return reduced the range. The motor power didnt suffer that much on reduction but the range drop was more significant. Reducing the motor power by just 100 Shaft Horse Power meant that the range dropped from 900km to 730km. On the other hand, this is still acceptable as the requirements stated that the range had to be greater than 650km, which it is and with the shaft sawbuck power being at 1,800 shaft horse power the engine can still reach maximum speeds above 200mph.1HH-60G Pave Hawk, , . 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